Table 3.
Angiogenic growth factors and oxidant stress markers for each Hemoglobin Group. Children with Hemoglobin SS had higher levels of three angiogenic growth factors, higher cysteine and cystine, and lower oxidized glutathione than Controls. Significant differences in the geometric means between Control and Hemoglobin SS groups are indicated by asterisks (*).
| Other exposure variables | Main exposure variables (Hemoglobin Group) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Hemoglobin SS | Fold difference | P value | |||||
| n | Arithmetic mean (95th% CI) | Geometric mean (95th% CI) | n | Arithmetic mean (95th% CI) | Geometric mean (95th% CI) | |||
| Erythropoietin (IU/mL) | 68 | 6.6 (4.8, 8.4) | 4.2 (3.2, 5.5) | 42 | 72.4 (55.6, 89) | 56.6* (43.9, 73) | 13.5 | <0.001 |
| Angiopoietin-2 (pg/mL) | 45 | 1922 (1343, 2501) | 1144 (809, 1616) | 27 | 5946 (4661, 7231) | 4968* (3820, 6461) | 4.3 | <0.001 |
| SDF-1α (pg/mL) | 64 | 2376 (2192, 2561) | 2270 (2104, 2449) | 38 | 4065 (3660, 4471) | 3877* (3491, 4305) | 1.7 | <0.001 |
| CyS (μM) | 44 | 8.0 (7, 9) | 7.4 (6.5, 8.4) | 19 | 11.5 (9.5, 13.5) | 10.8* (9, 13) | 1.5 | 0.001 |
| CySS (μM) | 44 | 23.9 (22.3, 25.5) | 23.4 (21.9, 24.9) | 19 | 34.6 (30.4, 38.8) | 33.7* (30, 37.8) | 1.5 | <0.001 |
| EhCySS (mV) | 44 | −81.1 (−84,–78) | 18 | − 87.1* (−92, −83) | 0.026 | |||
| GSH (μM) | 44 | 1.1 (1, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 19 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.89 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.38 | |
| GSSG (μM) | 44 | 0.1 (0.08, 0.1) | 0.08 (0.07, 0.1) | 19 | 0.08 (0, 0.17) | 0.04* (0.02, 0.07) | 0.5 | 0.002 |
| EhGSSG (mV) | 44 | −117.2 (−121, −113) | 18 | ‒124.1 (−132, −117) | 0.11 | |||
| Urinary 8-isoprostanes (ng/mL) | 40 | 15 (9.7, 20.2) | 8.88 (6.2, 12.7) | 16 | 8.9 (7.2, 10.5) | 8.4 (7, 10.1) | 0.83 | |