In vivo effect of stress-inducing agents on the expression of ma IL-15 in mouse CD11c+ splenic cells (A), CD40L in CD4+ T cells (B), and in CD8+ T cells (C), following immunization with OVA and the 3 stress-inducing agents. The corresponding flow cytometry profiles are shown in D, E, and F. Caspase-1 activation (G) and IL-1β production (H) with OVA and the same stress agents are also presented. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; and ***, p < 0.001, compared with naïve mice.