Table 2. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Limited English Proficient Population, by Language Services Exposure Group N = 1425.
| Patients with No Formal Interpreter Services and No Language- Concordant Providers | Patients with No Formal Interpreter Services and 1–99% of their visits with Language-Concordant Providers | Patients with No Formal Interpreter Services and 100% of visits with Language-Concordant Providers | Patients with 1–49% of their visits with Formal Interpreter Services and No visits with Language-Concordant Providers | Patients with 1–49% of their visits with Formal Interpreter Services and 1–99% of their visits with Language- Concordant Providers | Patients with 50–100% of their visits with Formal Interpreter Services and No Visits with Language- Concordant Providers | Patients with 50–100% of their visits with Formal Interpreter Services and 1–99% of their visits with Language- Concordant Providers | |||||||
| N (%) | N (%) | P* | N (%) | P | N (%) | P | N (%) | P | N (%) | P | N (%) | P | |
| Sanple | 445 (31.2) | 99 (6.9) | 290 (20.4) | 170 (11.9) | 118 (8.3) | 251 (17.6) | 52 (3.7) | ||||||
| Sex | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.41 | 0.42 | |||||||
| Female | 248 (55.7) | 67 (67.7) | 176 (60.7) | 117 (68.8) | 83 (70.3) | 148 (59) | 32 (61.5) | ||||||
| Male | 197 (44.3) | 32 (32.3) | 114 (39.3) | 53 (31.2) | 35 (29.7) | 103 (41) | 20 (38.5) | ||||||
| Age | 0.03 | 0.002 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.12 | |||||||
| 18 to 39 | 30 (6.7) | 6 (6.1) | 13 (4.5) | 13 (7.7) | 3 (2.5) | 17 (6.8) | 3 (5.8) | ||||||
| 40 to 49 | 80 (18) | 10 (10.1) | 33 (11.4) | 18 (10.6) | 8 (6.8) | 29 (11.6) | 5 (9.6) | ||||||
| 50 to 59 | 124 (27.9) | 21 (21.2) | 64 (22.1) | 42 (24.7) | 27 (22.9) | 69 (27.5) | 13 (25) | ||||||
| 60 to 69 | 118 (26.5) | 28 (28.3) | 90 (31) | 47 (27.7) | 29 (24.6) | 61 (24.3) | 12 (23.1) | ||||||
| 70 and Over | 93 (20.9) | 34 (34.3) | 90 (31) | 50 (29.4) | 51 (43.2) | 75 (29.9) | 19 (36.5) | ||||||
| Race/Ethnicity | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.51 | 0.09 | |||||||
| White, Non-Hispanic | 84 (18.9) | 44 (44.4) | 140 (48.3) | 19 (11.2) | 42 (35.6) | 57 (22.7) | 13 (25) | ||||||
| Black, Non-Hispanic | 144 (32.4) | 3 (3) | 26 (9) | 71 (41.8) | 49 (41.5) | 86 (34.3) | 23 (44.2) | ||||||
| Hispanic | 83 (18.7) | 43 (43.3) | 94 (32.4) | 28 (16.5) | 24 (20.3) | 47 (18.7) | 8 (15.4) | ||||||
| Asian, Non-Hispanic | 32 (7.2) | 0 (0) | 8 (2.8) | 10 (5.9) | 0 (0) | 14 (5.6) | 0 (0) | ||||||
| Other/Unknown | 102 (22.9) | 9 (9.1) | 22 (7.6) | 42 (24.7) | 3 (2.5) | 47 (18.7) | 8 (15.4) | ||||||
| Language Preferred | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.08 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Portuguese | 86 (19.3) | 57 (57.6) | 167 (57.6) | 29 (17.1) | 49 (41.5) | 85 (33.9) | 21 (40.4) | ||||||
| Haitian Creole | 140 (31.5) | 1 (1) | 25 (8.6) | 71 (41.8) | 45 (38.1) | 86 (34.3) | 23 (44.2) | ||||||
| Spanish | 73 (16.4) | 40 (40.4) | 91 (31.4) | 28 (16.5) | 22 (18.6) | 34 (13.6) | 8 (15.4) | ||||||
| Other/Unknown | 146 (32.8) | 1 (1) | 7 (2.4) | 42 (24.7) | 2 (1.7) | 46 (18.3) | 0 (0) | ||||||
| Insurance | 0.25 | 0.85 | 0.03 | 0.11 | <0.001 | 0.007 | |||||||
| Private | 89 (20) | 26 (26.3) | 63 (21.7) | 19 (11.2) | 17 (14.4) | 21 (8.4) | 4 (7.7) | ||||||
| Public | 286 (64.3) | 55 (55.6) | 182 (62.8) | 125 (73.5) | 88 (74.6) | 171 (68.1) | 32 (61.5) | ||||||
| Free Care/Safety Net/ Pocket | 70 (15.7) | 18 (18.2) | 45 (15.5) | 26 (15.3) | 13 (11) | 59 (23.5) | 16 (30.8) | ||||||
| Co-morbidities | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.03 | 0.002 | |||||||
| 0 to 1 | 144 (32.4) | 30 (30.3) | 86 (29.7) | 37 (21.8) | 16 (13.6) | 71 (28.3) | 5 (9.6) | ||||||
| 2 to 3 | 285 (64) | 52 (52.5) | 176 (60.7) | 113 (66.5) | 81 (68.6) | 160 (63.8) | 43 (82.7) | ||||||
| 4 or More | 16 (3.6) | 17 (17.2) | 28 (9.7) | 209 (11.8) | 21 (17.8) | 20 (8) | 4 (7.7) | ||||||
| Primary Care Visits | <0.001 | 0.005 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| 1 to 2 | 147 (33) | 7 (7.1) | 123 (42.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 61 (24.3) | 7 (13.5) | ||||||
| 3 to 4 | 185 (41.6) | 34 (34.3) | 99 (34.1) | 62 (36.5) | 27 (22.9) | 92 (36.7) | 15 (28.9) | ||||||
| 5 to 6 | 74 (16.6) | 34 (34.3) | 32 (11) | 41 (24.1) | 30 (25.4) | 58 (23.1) | 14 (26.9) | ||||||
| 7 or More | 39 (8.8) | 24 (24.2) | 36 (12.4) | 67 (39.4) | 61 (51.7) | 40 (15.9) | 16 (30.8) | ||||||
| Hemoglobin A1c N = 1397 ** | 0.48 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.94 | 0.26 | 0.95 | |||||||
| <7.0 | 158 (36.6) | 30 (30.3) | 109 (38.7) | 49 (29.2) | 40 (34.8) | 81 (32.5) | 19 (36.5) | ||||||
| ≥7.0 and <9.0 | 190 (44) | 49 (49.5) | 137 (48.6) | 77 (45.8) | 52 (45.2) | 107 (43) | 22 (42.3) | ||||||
| ≥9.0 | 84 (19.4) | 20 (20.2) | 36 (12.8) | 42 (25) | 23 (20) | 61 (24.5) | 11 (21.2) | ||||||
*
P = P-Value. P-values determined from Chi-square/Fisher's Exact test comparing each language services group to the referent group (Patients with No Formal Interpreter Services/No Language-Concordant Providers).
**
Some patients had no documented Hemoglobin A1c.