Table 3. Bivariate Associations between Demographic and Clinical Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes N = 1425.
| Hospitalizations | Emergency Visits | Hospitalizations and/or Emergency Visits | Hemoglobin A1c ≥9.0 | ||||||||||||
| Related to Diabetes | Related to Diabetes | Not related to Diabetes | Related to Diabetes | ||||||||||||
| N | % | P | N | % | P | N | % | P | N | % | P | N | % | P | |
| Language Services Group | 0.005 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.002 | 0.06 | ||||||||||
| Patients with No Formal Interpreter Services and No Language-Concordant Providers (n = 445) | 18 | 4.0 | 35 | 7.9 | 32 | 7.2 | 49 | 11.0 | 92 | 20.7 | |||||
| Patients with No Formal Interpreter Services and 1–99% of their visits with Language- Concordant Providers (n = 99) | 6 | 6.1 | 7 | 7.1 | 5 | 5.1 | 11 | 11.1 | 21 | 21.2 | |||||
| Patients with No Formal Interpreter Services and 100% of their visits with Language-Concordant Providers (n = 290) | 12 | 4.1 | 8 | 2.8 | 16 | 5.5 | 17 | 5.9 | 39 | 13.5 | |||||
| Patients with 1–49% of their visits with Formal Interpreter Services and No visits with Language-Concordant Providers (n = 170) | 13 | 7.7 | 8 | 4.7 | 17 | 10.0 | 19 | 11.2 | 37 | 21.8 | |||||
| Patients with 1–49% of their visits with Formal Interpreter Services and 1–99% of visits with Language-Concordant Providers (n = 118) | 16 | 13.6 | 12 | 10.2 | 13 | 11.0 | 23 | 19.5 | 22 | 18.6 | |||||
| Patients with 50–100% of their visits with Formal Interpreter Services and No Visits with Language-Concordant Providers (n = 251) | 17 | 6.8 | 22 | 8.8 | 18 | 7.2 | 35 | 13.9 | 59 | 23.5 | |||||
| Patients with 50–100% of their visits with Formal Interpreter Services and 1–99% of their visits with Language- Concordant Providers (n = 52) | 5 | 9.6 | 6 | 11.5 | 2 | 3.9 | 10 | 19.2 | 14 | 26.9 | |||||
| Sex | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.24 | ||||||||||
| Female (n = 871) | 62 | 7.1 | 69 | 7.9 | 67 | 7.7 | 115 | 13.2 | 165 | 18.9 | |||||
| Male (n = 554) | 25 | 4.5 | 29 | 5.2 | 36 | 6.5 | 49 | 8.8 | 119 | 21.5 | |||||
| Age | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| 18 to 39 (n = 85) | 4 | 4.7 | 10 | 11.8 | 9 | 10.6 | 12 | 14.1 | 30 | 35.3 | |||||
| 40 to 49 (n = 183) | 5 | 2.7 | 14 | 7.7 | 19 | 10.4 | 17 | 9.3 | 58 | 31.7 | |||||
| 50 to 59 (n = 360) | 19 | 5.3 | 20 | 5.6 | 29 | 8.1 | 36 | 10.0 | 77 | 21.4 | |||||
| 60 to 69 (n = 385) | 21 | 5.5 | 20 | 5.2 | 21 | 5.5 | 39 | 10.1 | 67 | 17.4 | |||||
| 70 and Over (n = 412) | 38 | 9.2 | 34 | 8.3 | 25 | 6.1 | 60 | 14.6 | 52 | 12.6 | |||||
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.73 | 0.07 | 0.63 | 0.27 | 0.003 | ||||||||||
| White, Non-Hispanic (n = 399) | 20 | 5.0 | 18 | 4.5 | 25 | 6.3 | 37 | 9.3 | 68 | 17.0 | |||||
| Black, Non-Hispanic (n = 402) | 26 | 6.5 | 30 | 7.5 | 28 | 7.0 | 49 | 12.2 | 107 | 26.6 | |||||
| Hispanic (n = 327) | 24 | 7.3 | 32 | 9.8 | 29 | 8.9 | 47 | 14.4 | 56 | 17.1 | |||||
| Asian, Non-Hispanic (n = 64) | 3 | 4.7 | 3 | 4.7 | 6 | 9.4 | 6 | 9.4 | 10 | 15.6 | |||||
| Other/Unknown (n = 233) | 14 | 6.0 | 15 | 6.4 | 15 | 6.4 | 25 | 10.7 | 43 | 18.5 | |||||
| Language Preferred | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.68 | 0.04 | 0.002 | ||||||||||
| Portuguese (n = 494) | 26 | 5.3 | 25 | 5.1 | 32 | 6.5 | 47 | 9.5 | 85 | 17.2 | |||||
| Haitian Creole (n = 391) | 24 | 6.1 | 30 | 7.7 | 28 | 7.2 | 47 | 12.0 | 104 | 26.6 | |||||
| Spanish (n = 296) | 25 | 8.5 | 30 | 10.1 | 26 | 8.8 | 47 | 15.9 | 55 | 18.6 | |||||
| Other/Unknown (n = 244) | 12 | 4.9 | 13 | 5.3 | 17 | 7.0 | 23 | 9.4 | 40 | 16.4 | |||||
| Insurance | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.04 | 0.12 | ||||||||||
| Private (n = 239) | 9 | 3.8 | 8 | 3.4 | 13 | 5.4 | 17 | 7.1 | 50 | 20.9 | |||||
| Public (n = 939) | 67 | 7.1 | 72 | 7.7 | 68 | 7.2 | 121 | 12.9 | 174 | 18.5 | |||||
| Free Care/Safety Net or Out of Pocket (n = 247) | 11 | 4.5 | 18 | 7.3 | 22 | 8.9 | 26 | 10.5 | 60 | 24.3 | |||||
| Co-morbidities | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.56 | <0.001 | 0.30 | ||||||||||
| 0 to 1 (n = 389) | 10 | 2.6 | 17 | 4.4 | 26 | 6.7 | 24 | 6.2 | 88 | 22.6 | |||||
| 2 to 3 (n = 910) | 59 | 6.5 | 67 | 7.4 | 65 | 7.1 | 113 | 12.4 | 172 | 18.9 | |||||
| 4 or More (n = 126) | 18 | 14.3 | 14 | 11.1 | 12 | 9.5 | 27 | 21.4 | 24 | 19.1 | |||||
| Primary Care Visits | <0.001 | 0.03 | 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.21 | ||||||||||
| 1 to 2 (n = 345) | 11 | 3.2 | 15 | 4.4 | 20 | 5.8 | 24 | 7.0 | 63 | 18.3 | |||||
| 3 to 4 (n = 514) | 21 | 4.1 | 31 | 6.0 | 28 | 5.5 | 48 | 9.3 | 97 | 18.9 | |||||
| 5 to 6 (n = 283) | 22 | 7.8 | 24 | 8.5 | 29 | 10.3 | 39 | 13.8 | 55 | 19.4 | |||||
| 7 or More (n = 283) | 33 | 11.7 | 28 | 9.9 | 26 | 9.2 | 53 | 18.7 | 69 | 24.4 | |||||
| Hemoglobin A1c Level (n = 1,397)* | 0.95 | 0.13 | 0.82 | 0.16 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| <7.0 (n = 486) | 29 | 6.0 | 27 | 5.6 | 38 | 7.8 | 51 | 10.5 | 7 | 1.4 | |||||
| ≥7.0 and <9.0 (n = 634) | 38 | 6.0 | 43 | 6.8 | 44 | 6.9 | 69 | 10.9 | 98 | 15.5 | |||||
| ≥9.0 (n = 277) | 18 | 6.5 | 26 | 9.4 | 19 | 6.9 | 41 | 14.8 | 177 | 63.9 | |||||
Abbreviations: P = P-values determined from Chi-square/Fisher's Exact test * Some patients had no documented Hemoglobin A1c levels.
Number and (Percent) of Sample Experiencing Each Outcome: Hospitalization related to Diabetes = 87 (6.1%); Emergency Visits related to Diabetes = 98 (6.9%); Emergency Visits not related to Diabetes = 103 (7.2%); Hospitalizations and/or Emergency Visits Related to Diabetes = 164 (11.5%); Hemoglobin A1c ≥9.0 = 284 (19.9%).