Table 2.
Factors Influencing Walking and Physical Activity, Univariate Analysis
| Daily Steps
|
Minutes Mod/Vig Activity
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Interval | RR* | p value | RR | p value |
| Vision | |||||
| Glaucoma | Present | 0.88 | 0.21 | 0.79 | 0.37 |
| VF loss MD , bettereye | 5 dB worse | 0.90 | 0.001 | 0.83 | 0.03 |
| VA, better eye | 0.1 logMAR worse | 0.98 | 0.13 | 0.98 | 0.59 |
| Contrast Sensitivity | 5 letters worse | 0.90 | 0.002 | 0.85 | 0.05 |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age | 10 years older | 0.77 | 0.009 | 0.49 | 0.009 |
| Race | African-American | 0.64 | <0.001 | 0.36 | <0.001 |
| Gender | Female vs. Male | 0.96 | 0.48 | 0.90 | 0.42 |
| Education | 4 years more | 1.42 | <0.001 | 2.16 | <0.001 |
| Employed | Yes | 1.09 | 0.41 | 1.16 | 0.58 |
| Health | |||||
| Comorbidities | 1 more illness | 0.85 | <0.001 | 0.69 | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | Present | 0.25 | <0.001 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
| BMI | 1 unit higher | 0.96 | <0.001 | 0.90 | <0.001 |
| MMSE-VI score | 5 points higher | 0.59 | 0.002 | 0.60 | 0.31 |
| Weather & Day of Week | |||||
| Daily Temperature | % days under 45°F | 1.02 | 0.14 | 1.06 | 0.12 |
| Rainfall | % days with > 0.2 inches | 0.99 | 0.67 | 0.98 | 0.84 |
| Weekend | % weekend days | 0.99 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 0.83 |
*
Rate ratio – Ratio of steps or minutes of moderate/vigorous activity for the given variable. An RR less than 1 Indicates less walking associated with the variable of interest.
Mod = moderate; Vig = vigorous; VF – Visual field; MD = Mean deviation; dB – decibels; VA – visual acuity; logMAR – Logarithm of the minimum angle or resolution; BMI – Body mass index; MMSE-VI – Mini-mental state exam for the visual impaired