Table 1.

Viruses and their effects on the BBB

Virus	Effects on BBB	Refs
Herpes simplex virus	Increased MMP2 and MMP9 activity	[71]
HIV-1	Alteration of tight junction protein expression, which is likely CCL2-dependent	[12, 33, 35, 36]
	Increased MMP2 and MMP9 expression in in vitro culture supernatants	[33]
	Activation of Ras signaling	[41–44]
	Inhibition of tight junction protein expression with concomitant increase in MMP9 cleavage of tight junction proteins due to Tat	[45, 46]
	Higher vessel permeability due to presence of secreted gp120	[47]
	Increased expression of MMP2 and MMP9 with decreased expression of claudin-5 and laminin due to oxidative stress	[49]
HTLV-1	Alteration of tight junction protein expression	[14]
	Increased barrier permeability of cells and higher migration of infected lymphocytes in in vitro co-culture model	[14]
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)	Increased MMP9 expression	[60]
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)	CD8+T cell-dependent BBB disruption	[68]
Mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1)	Alteration of tight junction protein expression	[13]
Rabies virus	CD4+ T cell-dependent BBB disruption	[66, 67]
SIV	Alteration of tight junction protein expression associated with increased FAK expression	[39]
Theiler’s virus	Alteration of tight junction protein expression	[68, 69]
West Nile virus (WNV)	Increased tight junction protein expression	[16]
	Increased MMP expression and activity	[59, 62]
	Increased TLR3-dependent inflammatory response leading to increased BBB disruption	[61]
Various viruses	Increased ROS and RNS production	[27]