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Comparison of acute traumatic spinal cord injury
| Species | Dura Comprised | Histologic Findings | Immunohistochemistry Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rat | Yes | Focal hemorrhage and malacia | Upregulation of microglia within 12 hours |
| Cynomolgus macaque | No | Areas of hemorrhage and malacia; mild influx of neutrophils | Immediate upregulation of macrophage related proteins (MRP-8, MMP- 9, and iNOS) |
| Human | No | Focal hemorrhage and malacia | Increased influx of neutrophils and microglia activation within first 24–48 hours |
