Table 1.
Vocal repertoire size for exemplar species from Primata, Rodentia, and Carnivora broken down into six categories: Allospecific (alarm calls and food calls), long distance (separation calls, intergroup spacing calls), contact (short-range soft calls), competitive (threat and display calls), distress calls (fear calls during agonism) and other (contexts unknown or made in several different contexts). Sources from Primata are drawn from the repertoire analysis made by McComb & Semple [20], excluding captive studies. Total repertoire sizes in this paper are slightly different because we did not count sequences of discrete call units as separate calls if the units were produced singly. Sounds that are not strictly ‘vocalizations’, such as sneezes, coughs and teeth chattering, are excluded from the table. For comparison, we focus on exemplar species from Rodentia and Carnivora because of similarities in social and vocal behaviour.
| species name | allospecific | long distance | contact | competitive | distress | other | total size | citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Order Primata | ||||||||
| Alouatta palliata | — | 1 | — | 8 | 2 | 1 | 12 | [35] |
| Arctocebus calabarensis | — | 1 | — | 1 | 1 | — | 3 | [36] |
| Callicebus moloch | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 10 | [37] |
| Callimico goeldii | 4 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 25 | [38] |
| Cebus olivaceus | — | — | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 11 | [39] |
| Cercocebus torquatus | 4 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 1 | — | 14 | [40] |
| Cercopithecus aethiops | 5 | — | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 19 | [41] |
| Euoticus elegantulus | 2 | 1 | 2 | — | 1 | — | 6 | [36] |
| Galago alleni | 1 | — | 2 | 1 | 1 | — | 5 | [36] |
| G. demidovii | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | [36] |
| Macaca fascicularis | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 15 | [42] |
| M. radiata | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 19 | [43] |
| M. silenus | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 14 | [43] |
| Mandrillus sphinx | 1 | 3 | 1 | — | 4 | — | 9 | [44] |
| Pan paniscus | — | — | 4 | — | 1 | 4 | 9 | [45] |
| P. troglodytes | 3 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 27 | [46] |
| Perodicticus potto | — | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | [36] | |
| Pongo pygmaeus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 8 | [47] |
| Presbytis entellus | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 14 | [43] |
| P. johnii | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 14 | [43] |
| Procolobus badius | 2 | — | — | 5 | 2 | 2 | 11 | [48] |
| Order Rodentia | ||||||||
| Notomys alexis | — | — | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | [23] |
| N. cervinus | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | [23] |
| N. mitchellii | — | — | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | [23] |
| N. fuscus | — | — | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | [23] |
| Octodon degus | 2 | — | 4 | 5 | 2 | — | 13 | [49] |
| Order Carnivora | ||||||||
| Lycaon pictus | 3 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 25 | [50] |
| Suricata suricatta | 11 | — | 7 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 25 | [51,52] |
| Cynictis penicillata | 3 | — | 2 | 2 | — | 1 | 8 | [24] |
| Speothos venaticus | — | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | — | 7 | [27] |
| Cerdocyon thous | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | — | — | 6 | [27] |
| Chrysocyon brachyurus | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | — | 8 | [27] |