I. Shared vocalizations in chacma baboons and geladas
|
affiliative grunt (CF, CM, GF, GM) |
exhale |
a soft tonal contact call used during approaching, grooming, and infant-handling, as well as while moving and foraging [30,109,132,134,135] |
copulation call (CF, CM*, GF, GM) |
exhale |
loud grunts given before and during mating [132] |
fear bark (CF, CM*, GF) |
exhale with retracted lips |
a ‘cough-like’ vocalization [136] given by subordinate individuals to high-ranking animals [132] |
threat grunt (CF, CM, GF, GM) |
exhale |
a staccato-like vocalization uttered by the dominant individual in an aggressive encounter [132,137,138] |
alarm call (CF*, CM*, GF) |
exhale |
noisy, harsh calls used in response to predators and other environmental threats [109,123] |
display call or ‘wahoo’ (CM, GF*, GM) |
inhale and exhale |
loud calls typically uttered during competitive displays [132,136]; chacma and gelada males, in particular, make a ‘roar’ that often comes before these wahoo calls |
lost call (CM*,CF*,GF*,GM*) |
long exhale |
a noisy vocalization that rises in pitch towards the end of the call and associated with separation from the group or particular individuals |
scream (CF, GF, GM) |
long exhale with retracted lips |
a noisy drawn-out defensive call, usually given by subordinates when attacked by a higher-ranking individual [109,132,134] |
II. Derived gelada vocalizations
|
inhaled grunt (GF*, GM) |
vocal inhale |
vocalized inhales often part of an affiliative grunt calling bout [135]; sometimes, inhaled grunts can have an audibly ‘nasal’ sound, produced by the withdrawn lip obscuring nasal passages [135] |
moan (GF*, GM) |
long exhale (sometimes inhaled) |
long drawn-out affiliative grunt, often given by leader males to their unit's females ([109,132,139]; this study) |
wobble (GF*, GM) |
vocal inhale or exhale with lip or tongue-flicking |
soft, undulating calls usually given by males to their unit females, often following ‘anxiety-producing’ situations (this study) |
yawn (GF*, GM) |
inhale |
a vocalized yawn given in social contexts, often involving grooming sessions and also after mating or in competitive situations ([140]; this study) |
pre-copulation call (GF) |
short exhale |
calls given by oestrous females while presenting their genitals to males |
how barks (GM*) |
exhale |
high-pitched barks/whinnies given by non-leader males giving chase to other males in competitive displays |