Figure 5.

Schematic summarizing what some ‘biodiversity-friendly’ certification schemes currently endorse (a) compared with landscapes that involve land sparing within large farms (b) or across a group of farms (c). In each landscape, the same total area (denoted by the green shapes) is given over to wild nature, but recent evidence suggests that its value for other species and for ecosystem services might increase from left to right, raising the question of whether certification could be realigned towards incentivizing high-yield farmers to collectively set aside adjacent areas of land for conservation. Developed from ideas in Edwards et al. [92] and Komar [97].