Table 1.

Parameter estimates for individual demographics and contextual factors in association with smoking status

Model covariates	Parameter estimate (β)	Standard error	P value
Individual-level variables
Age group (Ref., 40–49)
18–24	−0.40	0.20	0.05
25–29	−0.19	0.19	0.31
30–39	−0.02	0.14	0.90
50–59	0.05	0.12	0.70
60–64	−0.17	0.16	0.27
65 or over	−0.90	0.14	<0.01
Gender (Ref., male)
Female	−0.24	0.14	0.09
Race/Ethnicity (Ref., white)
Latino	−0.07	0.19	0.70
African American	0.39	0.28	0.17
Asian/Pacific Islander	0.32	0.24	0.18
American Indian and white/American Indian	1.39	0.53	<0.01
Federal poverty level (FPL) (Ref., 200% or above FPL)
0–99% FPL	0.97	0.26	<0.01
100–199% FPL	0.91	0.19	<0.01
Interactions of individual-level variables
Gender × race
Female × Latino	−0.84	0.22	<0.01
Female × African American	−0.43	0.31	0.16
Female × Asian/Pacific Islander	−1.87	0.38	<0.01
Female × American Indian and white/American Indian	−0.24	0.70	0.74
Race × FPL
Latino × 0–99% FPL	−0.81	0.32	0.01
Latino × 100–199% FPL	−0.81	0.27	<0.01
African American × 0–99% FPL	−0.03	0.39	0.95
African American × 100–199% FPL	−0.16	0.42	0.69
Asian/Pacific Islander × 0–99% FPL	−0.81	0.43	0.06
Asian/Pacific Islander × 100–199% FPL	−0.90	0.40	0.03
American Indian and white/American Indian × 0–99% FPL	−1.34	1.15	0.24
American Indian and white/American Indian × 100–199% FPL	−1.24	0.85	0.15
Principal components of contextual variables
Population makeup
1st principal component	−0.07	0.06	0.24
2nd principal component	0.15	0.06	0.02
3rd principal component	0.17	0.08	0.05
Educational attainment
1st principal component	0.19	0.07	<0.01
2nd principal component	0.05	0.06	0.41
Geographic areas
Service planning areas (SPA) (Ref., SPA 2)
SPA 1	0.56	0.24	0.02
SPA 3	−0.04	0.15	0.81
SPA 4	−0.11	0.18	0.55
SPA 5	−0.42	0.27	0.11
SPA 6	0.18	0.20	0.37
SPA 7	−0.01	0.18	0.95
SPA 8	0.11	0.15	0.46

A fixed-effects logistic regression model was fitted to assess the associations between smoking status (yes vs. no) and the variables listed in the table