Figure 2.

Dependence of the maximum solute concentration obtained during freezing ($C_{max}^{*}$; Eq. 17) on Pe (A) and C_S (B). In (A) the solute solubility in ice/solubility in water C_S is 0.001. The maximum concentrations are always obtained at the ice-water interface (see Figure 1). If the solubility in ice is less than half of the solubility in water (C_S < 0.5) the maximum concentration depends only slightly on C_S. Because of the molecular size, C_S for solutes present in xylem sap is well below that.