Cells were treated with 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/ml wolfberry phytochemicals for 48 h. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) treatment as a control. The cellular ROS levels were determined (A). The whole cell lysates were subjected to Western blot (B). Representative images were shown. Total pixels of each protein band were used for graphing and statistical analysis, based on at least three independent Western blot experiment results. *: significance at p ≤ 0.05. GAPDH as a loading control. ROS, reactive oxygen species; Grp78, glucose regulated protein 78; IRE1, inositol-requiring protein-1; ATF6, activating transcription factor -6; PERK, protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase; CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein; IB, immunoblot; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.