Table 2.
Risk of coronary heart disease according to consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p for trend |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | |||||
| Quartile range (servings) | Never | 2 / month | 1 – 4 / week | 4.5 week – 7.5 / day |
|
| Median | Never | 2 / month | 2 / week | 6.5 / week | |
| Person-years | 184 040 | 185 951 | 211 438 | 209 424 | |
| Cases of CHD | 902 | 906 | 929 | 946 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 1.21 (1.10, 1.33) | < 0.01 |
| Multivariate | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | 1.18 (1.08, 1.31) | < 0.01 |
|
+ pre-enrollment weight change, low-calorie diet |
1.00 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 1.27 (1.15, 1.39) | < 0.01 |
|
+ diet quality (aHEI) and total energy intake |
1.00 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) | 1.20 (1.08, 1.32) | < 0.01 |
| + BMI | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.15) | 1.20 (1.09, 1.33) | < 0.01 |
|
+ previous T2D, high triglycerides, high cholesterol, high blood pressure |
1.00 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.15) | 1.18 (1.06, 1.31) | < 0.01 |
| Artificially sweetened beverages | |||||
| Quartile range (servings) | Never | 2 / month | 1 – 4 / week | 4.5 / week – 18 / day |
|
| Median | Never | 2 / month | 2 / week | 1.1 / day | |
| Person-years | 273 802 | 116 417 | 199 519 | 201 114 | |
| Cases of CHD | 1386 | 579 | 889 | 829 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.79, 0.96) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.15) | 0.05 |
| Multivariate | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.82, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) | 1.10 (1.00, 1.20) | 0.01 |
|
+ pre-enrollment weight change, low-calorie diet |
1.00 | 0.90 (0.81, 0.99) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.16) | 0.06 |
| + diet quality (aHEI) and total energy intake |
1.00 | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.18) | 0.03 |
| + BMI | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.82, 1.00) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 0.28 |
|
+ previous T2D, high triglycerides, high cholesterol, high blood pressure |
1.00 | 0.90 (0.82, 1.00) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.09) | 0.72 |
Relative risks and their 95% confidence intervals (in parenthesis) are shown. Multivariate models are adjusted for age, smoking (categories, missing) physical activity (quintiles of METs/wk, missing), alcohol intake (categories), multivitamin use, and family history of CHD. Pre-enrollment weight change includes variables for weight gain (categories) and weight loss (categories). The variable for low-calorie diet is for adherence to a low-calorie diet in 1992. Previous T2D refers to any past diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, whereas high triglycerides, high cholesterol and high blood pressure are self-reported.