Table 4.

Cross-sectional associations between the cumulative average (1986-1994) intake of sugar and artificially sweetened beverages and biomarkers

	N	Mean	Change per 1 sugar-sweetened beverage / day	P	Change per 1 artificially sweetened beverage / day	P
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	3746	207 (43)	0.51 (−2.24, 3.27)	0.72	−0.43 (−2.21, 1.35)	0.63
Triglycerides, mg/dL	2064	164 (107)	12.7 (4.2, 21.2)	0.01	0.01 (−5.59, 5.62)	1.00
LDL, mg/dL	3025	130 (34)	−0.84 (−3.3, 1.59)	0.50	−0.82 (−2.49, 0.85)	0.34
HDL, mg/dL	3025	46 (16)	−1.87 (−2.70, −1.03)	<0.01	0.04 (−0.48, 0.56)	0.88
Lp (a), mg/dL	1594	20 (28)	−2.81 (−4.90, −0.72)	0.01	0.11 (−1.59, 1.81)	0.90
HbA1c (%)	2339	5.85 (1.10)	0.05 (−0.06, 0.16)	0.41	0.03 (−0.03, 0.09)	0.43
C-Reactive Protein (CRP), mg/L*	3217	1.20 (2.94)	0.12 (0.02, 0.23)	0.02	−0.05 (−0.10, 0.01)	0.11
IL-6, pg/mL*	1314	1.52 (2.41)	0.16 (0.03, 1.65)	0.02	−0.05 (−0.13, 1.60)	0.22
TNF-α receptor 1 (TNFR1), pg/mL	729	1493 (511)	78.5 (23.5, 133.5)	0.01	45.3 (−4.1, 94.7)	0.07
TNF-α receptor 2 (TNFR2), pg/mL	1613	2889 (872)	99.3 (11.4, 187.2)	0.03	−16.0 (−69.3, 37.3)	0.56
VCAM, ng/mL	1407	1283 (381)	5.61 (−26.3, 37.5)	0.73	2.44 (−20.5, 25.4)	0.83
ICAM, ng/mL	1407	352 (95)	3.70 (−4.19, 11.59)	0.36	−1.88 (−7.84, 4.07)	0.54
Adiponectin, ng/mL	1849	12761 (7936)	−458 (−1235, 319)	0.25	−304 (−694, 87)	0.13
Leptin, pg/mL	608	7526 (5797)	−796 (−1442,−149)	0.02	132 (−356, 620)	0.60

Models are adjusted for the same covariates as in Table 2, except for mediators (high cholesterol, high blood pressured, type 2 diabetes).

^*CRP and IL6 were log-transformed because of highly skewed distributions. Changes in CRP and IL6 are calculated from parameter estimates representing % change in the geometric mean (shown). Blood samples were provided in 1994.