Figure 12.

Fully converted coral-derived calcium carbonate constructs (100% HA/CC) pre-treated with 125 μg human recombinant transforming growth factor-β₃ (hTGF-β₃), implanted in the rectus abdominis muscle of Papio ursinus and harvested on day 20 after heterotopic implantation. (A,B) Induction of bone formation by the hTGF-β₃ isoform with substantial bone forming outside the macroporous construct prominently extending within the rectus abdominis muscle. (C–F) High power views showing multiple woven bone trabeculation covered by contiguous osteoblasts across the rectus abdominis muscle (D) with bone extending within the macro porous spaces.