Table 3.
Agents that target adipose tissues and systemic metabolism
| Agent | Target | Effects |
|---|---|---|
| Target adipose tissues to induce preadipocyte differentiation | ||
| TZDs (pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, troglitazone) | PPARγ | Induces preadipocyte differentiation, reduces inflammation, proangiogenic, antifibrotic (195–197) |
| Anandamide | PPARγ | An endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand that can induce preadipocyte differentiation via PPARγ binding (198) |
| RWJ-348260 | PPARγ | Benzoxazinone is a non-TZD PPARγ agonist (142) |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | PPARγ | Induced lipogenesis and adiponectin production (199) |
| Telmisartan | ||
| Irbesartan | ||
| Losartan | ||
| Cilostazol | PPARγ | A phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor that inhibits platelet aggregation (138) |
| KR-62776 | PPARγ | Partial PPARγ agonist that interferes with subcellular localization (143) |
| Target adipose tissues to inhibit aromatase activity in preadipocytes | ||
| Aromatase inhibitor (anastrozole, letrozole, exemestane) | Aromatase | Inhibit aromatase activity to reduce estrogen production (131–135) |
| NSAID | COX2 | Inhibit COX2 results in decrease aromatase activity (130), decrease inflammation |
| Improve systemic metabolism | ||
| TZDs | PPARγ | Improve insulin sensitivity |
| Metformin | AMPK | Improve glucose (162) and lipid metabolism (166, 185); improve insulin sensitivity (161); decrease proinflammatory cytokines in diabetes (159) or polycystic ovary patients (160) |