Table 3.
Categorical exposure–response relations for selected mortality cancer sites in female UAW–GM autoworkers and cumulative exposure to oil- and water-based MWF using Cox regression models for time period 1941–2004, with covariates for race, hire date, calendar year, and other MWF exposures (as linear terms)
| Mortality cancer site | Oil-based MWFa (straight + 0.3 * soluble) |
Water-based MWFb (synthetic + 0.2 * soluble) |
Straight MWF |
Soluble MWF |
Synthetic MWF |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | HR | 95 % CI | N | HR | 95 % CI | N | HR | 95 % CI | N | HR | 95 % CI | N | HR | 95 % CI | |
| Brain | |||||||||||||||
| Unexposed | 3 | 1.0 | 3 | 1.0 | 6 | 1.0 | 3 | 1.0 | 7 | 1.0 | |||||
| >0 to <median | 7 | 3.6 | 0.9–15 | 5 | 2.9 | 0.7–13 | 4 | 3.7 | 0.9–16 | 5 | 3.4 | 0.8–15 | 1 | 1.8 | 0.2–20 |
| ≥median | 0 | – | 2 | 1.1 | 0.2–6.7 | 0 | – | 2 | 1.2 | 0.2–7.3 | 2 | 4.1 | 0.7–23 | ||
| Trend p value: | – | 0.73 | – | 0.65 | 0.11 | ||||||||||
| Breast | |||||||||||||||
| Unexposed | 22 | 1.0 | 22 | 1.0 | 33 | 1.0 | 22 | 1.0 | 45 | 1.0 | |||||
| >0 to <median | 12 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.6 | 15 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.8 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.1–1.2 | 13 | 0.9 | 0.4–1.8 | 3 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.6 |
| ≥median | 19 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.6 | 16 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.4 | 16 | 1.4 | 0.7–2.5 | 18 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.7 | 5 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.4 |
| Trend p value: | 0.81 | 0.34 | 0.18 | 0.74 | 0.23 | ||||||||||
| Colon | |||||||||||||||
| Unexposed | 5 | 1.0 | 7 | 1.0 | 10 | 1.0 | 7 | 1.0 | 18 | 1.0 | |||||
| >0 to <median | 7 | 2.1 | 0.7–6.8 | 9 | 1.9 | 0.7–5.2 | 3 | 1.2 | 0.3–4.5 | 6 | 1.5 | 0.5–4.4 | 2 | 1.0 | 0.2–4.3 |
| ≥median | 10 | 2.1 | 0.7–6.2 | 6 | 0.8 | 0.3–2.5 | 9 | 3.1 | 1.2–8.0 | 9 | 1.4 | 0.5–3.8 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.1–2.2 |
| Trend p value: | 0.41 | 0.95 | 0.02 | 0.70 | 0.38 | ||||||||||
| Leukemia | |||||||||||||||
| Unexposed | 7 | 1.0 | 8 | 1.0 | 11 | 1.0 | 8 | 1.0 | 15 | 1.0 | |||||
| >0 to <median | 8 | 1.7 | 0.6–4.8 | 8 | 1.6 | 0.6–1.4 | 4 | 1.4 | 0.8–5.3 | 8 | 1.7 | 0.7–4.6 | 3 | 1.9 | 0.5–7.0 |
| ≥median | 6 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.3 | 5 | 0.6 | 0.2–2.0 | 6 | 2.0 | 0.8–5.3 | 5 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.7 | 3 | 1.3 | 0.4–4.4 |
| Trend p value: | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.82 | ||||||||||
| Lung | |||||||||||||||
| Unexposed | 42 | 1.0 | 45 | 1.0 | 71 | 1.0 | 46 | 1.0 | 80 | 1.0 | |||||
| >0 to <median | 34 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.8 | 28 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | 19 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.6 | 29 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.6 | 12 | 1.1 | 0.6–2.1 |
| ≥median | 35 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.4 | 38 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.6 | 21 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.6 | 36 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.5 | 19 | 1.4 | 0.8–2.3 |
| Trend p–value: | 0.35 | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.27 | ||||||||||
| Ovary | |||||||||||||||
| Unexposed | 16 | 1.0 | 16 | 1.0 | 19 | 1.0 | 16 | 1.0 | 23 | 1.0 | |||||
| >0 to <median | 5 | 0.4 | 0.2–1.2 | 6 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.4 | 5 | 0.9 | 0.3–2.3 | 5 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.3 | 1 | 0.4 | 0.05–2.8 |
| ≥median | 5 | 0.3 | 0.1–0.7 | 4 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.7 | 2 | 0.3 | 0.1–1.0 | 5 | 0.3 | 0.1–0.7 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.4 |
| Trend p value: | 0.009 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.24 | ||||||||||
| Pancreas | |||||||||||||||
| Unexposed | 11 | 1.0 | 11 | 1.0 | 14 | 1.0 | 11 | 1.0 | 18 | 1.0 | |||||
| >0 to <median | 6 | 0.7 | 0.3–2.1 | 5 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.0 | 4 | 1.0 | 0.3–3.1 | 6 | 0.8 | 0.3–2.4 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.1–3.4 |
| ≥median | 6 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.3 | 7 | 0.7 | 0.3–1.9 | 5 | 1.1 | 0.4–3.1 | 6 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.5 | 4 | 1.3 | 0.5–3.9 |
| Trend p value: | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.86 | 0.27 | 0.53 | ||||||||||
| Stomach | |||||||||||||||
| Unexposed | 5 | 1.0 | 6 | 1.0 | 7 | 1.0 | 6 | 1.0 | 9 | 1.0 | |||||
| >0 to <median | 4 | 1.2 | 0.3–4.5 | 3 | 0.8 | 0.2–3.0 | 2 | 1.0 | 0.2–5.3 | 3 | 0.9 | 0.2–3.6 | 0 | – | |
| ≥median | 1 | 0.2 | 0.02–1.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.01–1.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.1–2.0 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.01–1.0 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.06–1.1 |
| Trend p value: | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.5 | ||||||||||
CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, MWF metalworking fluids
a
Median cumulative oil-based MWF = 0.55 mg m−3
b
Median cumulative water-based MWF = 0.33 mg m−3