Table 3.
Associations between Cognitive Test Scores and Maternal Prepregnancy Weight Status and Gestational Weight Gain among Children ages 60–83 months of the NLSY79-C cohort
| Variable | PIAT Reading Recognition | PIAT Mathematics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| (1) Included height | (2) Included BMI | (3) Included height | (4) Included BMI | |
|
| ||||
| β(se) | β (se) | β(se) | β(se) | |
| Intrauterine Factors | ||||
| Prepregnancy BMI | ||||
| Underweight | −0.36(0.80) | −0.34 (0.80) | −0.75(0.87) | −0.70(0.87) |
| Overweight | −0.73(0.59) | −0.81 (0.59) | −0.68(0.57) | −0.81(0.57) |
| Obese | −3.05(0.79)*** | −3.14 (0.80)*** | −2.22(0.82)** | −2.37(0.83)** |
| Gestational Weight Gain | ||||
| Above recommendation | −0.54(0.49) | −0.53 (0.49) | −0.49(0.50) | −0.48(0.50) |
| Birth weight in kg | 6.47(3.21)* | 6.62 (3.18)* | 11.11(2.91)*** | 11.33(2.87)*** |
| Birth weight squared | −0.85(0.46) | −0.86 (0.46) | −1.55(0.42)*** | −1.56(0.42)*** |
| Family Background | ||||
| HOME-SF score | 0.15(0.02)*** | 0.15 (0.02)*** | 0.15(0.02)*** | 0.15(0.02)*** |
| Per-capita income in $1K | 0.03(0.01)* | 0.03 (0.01)* | 0.04(0.01)* | 0.04(0.01)** |
| Maternal Factors | ||||
| Education in years | 0.42(0.12)*** | 0.42 (0.12)*** | 0.32(0.12)** | 0.33(0.12)** |
| AFQT score | 0.11(0.01)*** | 0.11 (0.01)*** | 0.09(0.01)*** | 0.09(0.01)*** |
| Age at child birth | 0.07(0.10) | 0.07 (0.10) | 0.22(0.11)* | 0.23(0.11)* |
| Child Factors | ||||
| Female gender | 3.07(0.40)*** | 3.01 (0.41)*** | 1.41(0.42)* | 1.31(0.42)** |
| Height z-score | 0.32(0.16)* | -- | 0.41(0.16)*** | -- |
| BMI z-score | -- | 0.19 (0.14) | -- | 0.34(0.14)* |
| First-born child | 2.70(0.47)*** | 2.72 (0.47)*** | 0.70(0.48)* | 0.71(0.48) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 0.07(0.61) | 0.01 (0.61) | −2.21(0.63)*** | −2.29(0.63)*** |
| African American | 3.34(0.60)*** | 3.40 (0.60)*** | −2.42(0.63)*** | −2.37(0.63)*** |
| Asian | 4.12(1.90)* | 4.10 (1.90)* | 1.95(1.84) | 1.89(1.87) |
|
| ||||
| R2 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.21 |
| N | 3412 | 3412 | 3412 | 3412 |
Significant at
*
α=0.05,
**
α=0.01,
***
α=0.001 levels.
All standard errors were calculated correcting sibling clustering.
Estimates were also adjusted for maternal weight gain below IOM recommendation, child’s PPVT age in months at cognitive testing, and year of cognitive testing.