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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2012 Jan 5;55(3):811–823. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/11-0086)

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics and between group differences on the TOPEL Phonological Awareness and Print Knowledge subtests (Lonigan et al., 2007).

CI group
 NH group
 Between groups
Variable M SD M SD t p d
Phonological awareness (SS) 87.33 10.53 102.96 13.97 4.34 <.001 1.26
Print knowledge (SS) 99.25 16.90 101.09 16.09 0.38 .705 0.11

Note. SS = standard score, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.