Table 1.

Characteristics of five studies about exercise training for chronic insomnia or sleep complaints.

Type of study and Source	Year	Exercise type	Number of subjects	Duration of intervention	Diagnosis	Outcomes
RCTGuilleminault et al. 1995 (26)	1995	Moderate aerobic exercise (walking) and sleep hygiene therapy	10	4 weeks	Psychophysiological insomnia	↑ TST↓ SOL↓ number of awakenings
RCTKing et al. 1997 (31)	1997	Moderate aerobic exercise	20	16 weeks	Moderate sleep complaints	↓PSQI score↓SOL-PSQI↑sleep duration-PSQI
RCTKing et al. 2008 (32)	2008	Moderate aerobic exercise	36	12 weeks	Mild to moderate sleep complaints	↓PSQI -“sleep disturbance subscale”, ↓ PSQI – “sleep diary-based minutes to fall asleep”↑ PSQI “feeling more rested in the morning”
RCTReid et al. 2010 (33)	2010	Moderate aerobic exercise	10	16 weeks	Primary insomnia	↑ sleep quality-PSQI↑ sleep duration-PSQI↑ ES-PSQI↓ SOL-PSQI↓ daytime sleepiness-PSQI.↓ daytime dysfunction-PSQI↓ depressive symptoms↑ vitality/quality of life
RCTPassos et al. 2011 (34)	2011	Moderate aerobic exercise	19	6 months	Primary insomnia	↓ SOL-PSG↓ WASO-PSG↑ ES-PSG↓ SOL-SD↑ sleep quality-SD↑ feeling rested in the morning-SD↓ tension-anxiety↓ depression↓ mood disturbance

Abbreviations: RCT- Randomized clinical trial; PSQI- Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSG- Polysomnography; SE- Sleep efficiency; SOL- Sleep onset latency; TST- Total sleep time; WASO- Wake after sleep onset; SD- sleep diary.