Table 5. Recurrent gross hematuria and adverse events.

N (%)	Immediate treatment failure	Incidence of recurrent gross hematuria	Outcome of recurrent gross hematuria		Adverse events
			Spontaneous resolution	URS	Extravasation	Pyelonephritis
I (N = 40)	4 (10)*	5 (12)	4 (10)**	1 (2)***	9 (22)	4 (10)
II (N = 64)	0	2 (3)	2 (3)#	0	2 (3)	0
p-value (I vs. II)	<0.05	0.1	0.2	0.38	<0.05	<0.05

^*One required second ureteroscopy. Other 3 underwent successful percutaneous nephroscopic electrocautery.

^**Recurrent gross hematuria occurred at 1 month, 1, 2 and 2 year post-surgery, respectively. All resolved spontaneously.

^***One had a bleeding from a different site at 2 years post-surgery. Therefore this does not seem to be a treatment failure.

^#Recurrent gross hematuria occurred in 8 and 10 year post-surgery, respectively. Both resolved spontaneously.