Table 2.
Lack of choice as an independent predictor of caregiver outcomes: Emotional stress, physical strain, and negative health impact.
| Emotional Stress (O.L.S.)1 | Physical Strain (O.L.S.)1 | Negative Health Impact (Logistic)2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lack of Choice – Unadjusted | (beta/s.e.). 873 (.074)** | (beta/s.e.). 446 (.068)** | (O.R./C.I.) 3.12 (2.29,4.26)** |
| Lack of Choice – Adjusted | .622 (.070)** | .263 (.064)** | (O.R./C.I.) 2.29 (1.62,3.25)** |
| Lack of Choice (Unique R2) | .043 | .009 | .025 |
| Final Model R2 | .290 | .258 | .248 |
| Other Predictors | |||
| Caregiver Age | |||
| 18–49 (ref) | 1.00 | ||
| 50–64 | .138 (.103) | .227 (.074)** | 1.72 (1.14,2.60)* |
| 65+ | .032 (.115) | .257 (.106)** | 1.49 (0.81,2.74) |
|
Care Recipient Age 50–64 |
.129 (.110) | .163 (.101) | 1.17 (0.67,2.04) |
| 65–74 | .138 (.103) | .082 (.095) | 0.94 (0.55,1.63) |
| 75–84 | .029 (.085) | .036 (.078) | 1.11 (0.74,1.68) |
| 85+ (ref) | 1.00 | ||
|
Caregiver Sex Male |
−.459 (.070)** | −.270 (.064)** | 0.48 (0.33,0.70)** |
| Female (ref) | 1.00 | ||
|
Care Recipient Sex Male |
.107 (.073) | .008 (.067) | 1.59 (1.11,2.28)* |
| Female (ref) | 1.00 | ||
|
Caregiver Race White (ref) |
1.00 | ||
| African American | −.289 (.108)** | .076 (.099) | 0.40 (0.20,0.77)** |
| Hispanic | .042 (.114) | .187 (.105) | 1.25 (0.73,2.15) |
| Asian | −.001 (.242) | .156 (.223) | 0.72 (0.19,2.77) |
| Caregiver Education | .025 (.021) | −.050 (.019)** | 1.09 (0.98,1.21) |
|
Care Recipient Relationship to CG Parent |
.349 (.116)** | .098 (.106) | 3.22 (1.36,7.63)** |
| Spouse | .413 (.192)* | .509 (.176)** | 4.20 (1.50,11.81)** |
| Other relative | .087 (.125) | .004 (.115) | 1.95 (0.78,4.87) |
| Non-relative (ref) | 1.00 | ||
|
Care Recipient Condition3 Short-term physical |
.060 (.075) | .058 (.069) | 1.11 (0.76,1.62) |
| Long-term physical | .475 (.089)** | .184 (.082)* | 1.33 (0.81,2.19) |
| Emotional/mental health | .295 (.084)** | .202 (.077)** | 1.80 (1.22,2.64)** |
| Retardation/developmental delay | −.038 (.218) | −.121 (.200) | 0.64 (0.24,1.72) |
| Learning disability/educational | .075 (.197) | .420 (.182)* | 1.98 (0.83,4.71) |
| Behavioral issue | .354 (.122)** | .253 (.112)* | 1.33 (0.80,2.24) |
|
Time Spent Caregiving 6 months or less (ref) |
1.00 | ||
| 6 months to 1 year | −.003 (.121) | .176 (.111) | 1.60 (0.87,2.94) |
| 1 – 5 years | .007 (.102) | .095 (.094) | 1.26 (0.73,2.18) |
| 5 years or longer | −.042 (.108) | .151 (.099) | 1.11 (0.63,1.95) |
|
Level of Care/Burden Index4 Low burden (ref) |
1.00 | ||
| Medium burden | .336 (.089)** | .337 (.081)** | 1.17 (0.71,1.91) |
| High burden | 1.00 (.070)** | 1.03 (.064)** | 3.76 (2.55,5.53)** |
All estimates are weighted to adjust for over-sample of minorities in the National Alliance for Caregiving survey.
p<.01,
p<.05 regression coefficient.
Multivariate ordinary least squares regression model. Adjusted model includes all variables.
Multivariate logistic regression model. Adjusted model includes all variables.
Respondents could choose multiple conditions; analyzed as separate indicator variables.
Based on National Alliance for Caregiving methodology. Uses hours of care per week and number of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and activities of daily living (ADL) performed by the caregiver (see National Alliance for Caregiving and the American Association of Retired Persons, 2009a).