TABLE 1.
Demographic Characteristics of Patients for 3 Periods of Prospective Study of Skin Preparation Protocols
| Characteristic | Period 1 (n = 987 procedures) |
Period 2 (n = 994 procedures) |
Period 3 (n = 1,228 procedures) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female sex | 631 (63.9) | 612 (61.6) | 721 (58.7) | .042 |
| Age, mean ± SD, years | 53.0 ± 16.2 | 53.2 ± 15.6 | 52.9 ± 15.9 | .91 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 825 (83.6) | 824 (82.9) | 973 (79.2) | .05 |
| Black | 123 (12.5) | 136 (13.7) | 193 (15.7) | |
| Other | 39 (4.0) | 34 (3.4) | 62 (5.0) | |
| Medical historya | ||||
| Diabetes | 146 (14.8) | 177 (17.8) | 160/962 (16.6) | .19 |
| Smoking | 739 (74.9) | 780 (78.5) | 762/962 (79.2) | .048 |
| Dialysis dependence | 22 (2.2) | 17 (1.7) | 15/962 (1.7) | .51 |
| Cancer | 34 (3.4) | 33 (3.3) | 42/962 (4.4) | .41 |
| Open wound | 38 (3.9) | 37 (3.7) | 30/962 (3.1) | .65 |
| Sepsis | 73 (7.4) | 86 (8.7) | 47/962 (4.9) | .004 |
| Steroid use | 67 (6.8) | 59 (5.9) | 72/962 (7.5) | .39 |
| Weight loss | 35 (3.5) | 45 (4.5) | 29/962 (3.0) | .20 |
| ASA class ≥ 3 | 406 (41.1) | 424 (42.7) | 476/962 (40.1) | .48 |
| NIH weight classb | ||||
| Underweight | 27/962 (2.8) | 25/961 (2.6) | 27/937 (2.9) | .91 |
| Normal | 252/962 (26.2) | 265/961 (27.6) | 246/937 (26.3) | |
| Overweight | 268/962 (27.9) | 257/961 (26.8) | 250/937 (26.7) | |
| Obese | 254/962 (26.4) | 232/961 (24.2) | 243/937 (25.9) | |
| Morbidly obese | 161/962 (16.7) | 182/961 (18.9) | 171/937 (18.2) | |
| Wound classificationc | ||||
| Clean | 376 (38.4) | 355 (35.7) | 438/1,138 (38.5) | .24 |
| Clean-contaminated | 460 (46.6) | 469 (47.2) | 530/1,138 (46.6) | |
| Contaminated | 63 (6.4) | 62 (6.2) | 82/1,138 (7.2) | |
| Dirty | 88 (8.9) | 108 (10.9) | 88/1,138 (7.7) | |
| OR time, mean ± SD, min | 139 ± 103 | 140 ± 116 | 126 ± 97 | .002 |
| Preparation solution used | ||||
| Povidone-iodine base | 970 (98.3) | 261 (26.3) | 283 (23.0) | <.001 |
| Chlorhexidine | 2 (0.2) | 699 (70.3) | 126 (10.3) | |
| Iodine povacrylex | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 794 (64.7) | |
| Other | 15 (1.5) | 34 (3.4) | 25 (2.0) |
NOTE. Data are no. (%) or proportion (%) of surgical procedures, unless otherwise indicated. ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; NIH, National Institutes of Health; OR, operating room.
a
Medical history data were not available for all patients in period 3.
b
Data on weight class were not available for all patients in any period.
c
Wound classification data were not available for all patients in period 3.