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Obesity-associated adipocyte dysfunction contributes to hypertension by endocrine and paracrine effects of adipokines on endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and macrophages. EDRF, Endothelium derived relaxing factor; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, Interleukin-6; VCAM-1, Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; ICAM-1, Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; A-FABP, Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein; SNS, Sympathetic nervous system; RAS, Renin-angiotensin system.
