Table 5. PERMANOVA investigating differences among fish populations across locations and between invaded (TG and BR) vs. non-invaded locations (PC).

Source	df	SS	MS	F	p
Lo	2	43.78	21.89	1.55	*
PC	1	33.03	33.03	2.38	**
Res	15	211.25	14.08

Analysis based on Euclidean distance matrix of normalized multivariate dataset (18 individuals × 15 biomarker responses). Each test was performed using 999 permutations of appropriate units. ns = not significant;

^** p<0.01.