Figure 2.

A path-analysis model of the relationship among academic stress, academic motivation, personality, and grades in medical students. χ²=20.28, df=20, p=0.44, Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=1.00, Normed Fit Index (NFI)=0.97, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) <0.01 Rectangles and ovals represent observed and unobserved variables, respectively. Numbers printed next to single-headed arrows correspond to standardized regression weights. ^*p<0.01. The Academic Motivation Scale, the Medical Stress Scale, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) were used to evaluate the corresponding variables in this model. Personality was defined as the number of MMPI clinical scales with a T-score above 65. The following details were not included in this diagram: 1) all subscales of the Academic Motivation Scale were included as indicators of the unobserved variable motivation and were arranged as covariates of each other and of and personality and 2) the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D-17) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) results were arranged as indicators of the unobserved variable depression and were arranged as covariates of each other, of the observed variable personality, and of the Academic Motivation subscale amotivation. The data used in the present study were cross-sectional, and the associations implied by our path analysis model are hypothetical.