Figure 3.

Effects of roflumilast N-oxide on the release of TNF-α (A), CCL2 (B), CCL3 (C), CCL4 (D) and CXCL10 (E) by LPS-stimulated human lung macrophages, without or with PGE₂. Lung macrophages were pre-incubated with roflumilast N-oxide (0.1–1000 nM), PGE₂ (10 nM) or vehicle before LPS (10 ng·mL⁻¹) was added. Chemokines and TNF-α were determined in culture supernatants collected after a 24 h incubation time. Results are shown as the means ± SEM of five to nine independent experiments and depicted as % of maximum release of the respective chemokine or TNF-α related to LPS alone or LPS and PGE₂, each defined as maximum (100%).