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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int Immunopharmacol. 2011 Dec 22;12(2):368–377. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.12.009

Figure 5. EF31 inhibits LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokine proteins.

Figure 5

Mouse RAW264.7 macrophages were grown in 6-well plates and pre-treated with curcumin, EF24, EF31 (5, 10, or 50 µM), or vehicle (DMSO 1%) for 1 hour prior to treatment with LPS (1 µg/mL) for 16 hours. Medium was collected and assessed for concentrations of TNF-alpha (A), IL-1 beta (B), and IL-6 (C) protein using ELISAs. Results shown are representative of three separate experiments. All conditions were run in triplicate, and values shown are means (±SEM) expressed as percent inhibition from vehicle. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. curcumin at same concentration; †† p < 0.01, ††† p < 0.001 vs. EF24 at same concentration. (Of note, LPS + DMSO treated samples yielded protein levels of approximately 1,400 pg/mL for TNF-α, 15 pg/mL for IL-1β, and 11,000 pg/mL for IL-6)