Cancer cell lines were grown in 96-well plates and treated with curcumin, EF31 (1, 5, 10, or 50 µM), or vehicle (DMSO 1%) for 48 hours. Cell viability/ proliferation was measured as described in section 2.8. Results shown are representative of three separate experiments. All conditions were run in triplicate, and values shown are means (±SEM) expressed as percent of vehicle. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. curcumin at same concentration.