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Induction of apoptotic and autophagic cell death in TMZ-resistant glioma cells by VPA and TMZ combination. T98 and U138 cells were untreated or treated with VPA, TMZ, or their combination. (a) The expression of MGMT, Bcl-2, Bak, and caspase-3 was evaluated using western blotting. (b) Conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II was also determined by western blotting. β-actin was used as a loading control. The results are representative of three independent experiments.
