Table 2.

Levels of utilization of healthcare services during pre-surgery, peri-operative, and follow-up periods among study subjects (N = 14,912)*

	Period	Period	Period
	Pre-surgery	Peri-operative	Follow-up	p-value**
Prescriptions
Pain-related
Oral medications
NSAIDs†	2.0 (3.4)	0.4 (0.9)	1.4 (2.9)	< 0.01
Opioids	2.5 (5.2)	3.0 (3.1)	2.2 (5.4)	< 0.01
Antiepileptics	0.5 (2.2)	0.1 (0.6)	0.6 (2.6)	< 0.01
Antidepressants‡	1.6 (4.1)	0.4 (1.1)	1.9 (4.5)	< 0.01
Injectable agents
Corticosteroids	0.9 (1.6)	0.1 (0.6)	0.5 (1.3)	< 0.01
Opioids	0.1 (0.6)	0.0 (0.3)	0.1 (0.6)	0.13
Hyaluronic acid	0.4 (1.5)	0.0 (0.1)	0.0 (0.4)	< 0.01
Total of above	1.4 (2.5)	0.1 (0.7)	0.6 (1.6)	< 0.01
Topical agents	0.1 (0.4)	0.0 (0.1)	0.1 (0.5)	< 0.01
Total number of prescriptions	7.1 (7.1)	9.2 (15.2)	10.7 (15.2)	< 0.01
Healthcare services
Outpatient care
Physician office visits	15.9 (13.3)	12.0 (9.7)	15.3 (15.0)	< 0.01
Other outpatient visits	3.2 (4.7)	2.7 (4.9)	2.6 (5.1)	< 0.01
ED visits	0.2 (0.7)	0.1 (0.4)	0.2 (0.9)	0.61
All outpatient visits	18.0 (14.3)	14.2 (9.6)	17.1 (16.1)	< 0.01
Hospitalizations
No. (%) with ≥ 1 hospitalizations	1,115 (7.5)	14,392 (96.5)	1,456 (9.8)	< 0.01

*Unless otherwise noted, all values are per-patient mean (SD)

**Pre-surgery vs follow-up

†Includes acetaminophen

‡Comprised of tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, bupropion, buspirone, duloxetine, maprotiline, mirtazapine, nefazodone, and venlafaxine