Table 3.
Mean per-patient healthcare costs during pre-surgery, peri-operative, and follow-up periods among study subjects (N = 14,912)*
| Period | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-surgery | Peri-operative | Follow-up | p-value** | |
| Prescriptions | ||||
| Pain-related | ||||
| Oral medications | ||||
| NSAIDs† | 153 (147, 158) | 28 (26, 29) | 98 (93, 103) | < 0.01 |
| Opioids | 97 (79, 116) | 60 (56, 64) | 110 (83, 137) | < 0.01 |
| Antiepileptics | 58 (52, 64) | 15 (13, 17) | 77 (66, 87) | < 0.01 |
| Antidepressants‡ | 146 (138, 154) | 35 (33, 37) | 154 (146, 162) | < 0.01 |
| Corticosteroids | 2 (2, 2) | 0 (0, 1) | 2 (2, 3) | 0.16 |
| Injectable agents | ||||
| Corticosteroids | 15 (12, 18) | 4 (2, 6) | 10 (6, 13) | < 0.01 |
| Opioids | 2 (2, 2) | 1 (1, 1) | 2 (2, 2) | 0.09 |
| Hyaluronic acid | 90 (84, 95) | 1 (1, 1) | 6 (5, 8) | < 0.01 |
| Total of above | 107 (101, 113) | 6 (4, 8) | 18 (15, 22) | < 0.01 |
| Topical agents | 2 (1, 2) | 0 (0, 1) | 4 (3, 5) | < 0.01 |
| All other | 1,358 (1,318, 1,389) | 459 (447, 471) | 1,550 (1,506, 1,594) | < 0.01 |
| Total Pharmacotherapy | 1,922 (1,870, 1,974) | 604 (589, 619) | 2,013 (1,954, 2,072) | 0.33 |
| Healthcare services | ||||
| Outpatient care | ||||
| Physician office visits | 2,364 (2,320, 2,408) | 1,410 (1,383, 1,437) | 2,148 (2,096, 2,199) | < 0.01 |
| Other outpatient visits | 2, 024 (1,901, 2,148) | 1,978 (1,844, 2,111) | 1,980 (1,812, 2,148) | < 0.01 |
| ED visits | 183 (169, 197) | 96 (87, 105) | 211 (195, 227) | 0.06 |
| All outpatient visits | 4,571 (4,429, 4,714) | 3,484 (3,345, 3,622) | 4,338 (4,149, 4,528) | < 0.01 |
| Inpatient care | 1,817 (1,655, 1,979) | 31,116 (30,802, 31,431) | 3,300 (3,007, 3,593) | < 0.01 |
| Other | ||||
| OA-related¥ | 30 (27, 33) | 48 (46, 50) | 13 (11, 15) | < 0.01 |
| All other | 1,293 (1,229, 1,356) | 1,300 (1,248, 1,353) | 1,379 (1,297, 1,461) | < 0.01 |
| Total | 9,632 (9,364, 9,901) | 36,553 (36,221, 36,885) | 11,043 (10,628, 11,458) | < 0.01 |
*Unless otherwise noted, all values are mean (95% confidence interval) per-patient healthcare costs ($)
**Pre-surgery vs follow-up
†Includes acetaminophen
‡Comprised of tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, bupropion, buspirone, duloxetine, maprotiline, mirtazapine, nefazodone, and venlafaxine
¥Medical equipment