Table 3.
Multivariate analysis for nutrition and open-angle glaucoma, for all participants and after exclusion of participants taking supplements
| Hazard ratio (95% CI; p value) | Hazard ratio (95% CI; p value)* | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 1.07 (1.04–1.11; <0.001) | 1.09 (1.05–1.14; <0.001) |
| Gender | 0.74 (0.48–1.15; 0.178) | 0.72 (0.41–1.25; 0.243) |
| IOP (mmHg) | 1.16 (1.10–1.22; <0.001) | 1.17 (1.10–1.24; <0.001) |
| IOP-lowering treatment | 3.87 (1.95–7.69; <0.001) | 6.21 (2.68–14.41; <0.001) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.93 (0.87–0.99; 0.026) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04; 0.372) |
| ß-carotene | ||
| 1st | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 2nd | 1.62 (0.97–2.71; 0.063) | 0.99 (0.52–1.86; 0.966) |
| 3rd | 1.08 (0.59–2.00; 0.795) | 0.97 (0.47–2.00; 0.930) |
| Retinol equivalents | ||
| 1st | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 2nd | 1.16 (0.72–1.87; 0.543) | 1.04 (0.57–1.89; 0.901) |
| 3rd | 0.45 (0.23–0.90; 0.023) | 0.33 (0.14–0.80; 0.014) |
| Vitamin B1 | ||
| 1st | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 2nd | 0.40 (0.21–0.77; 0.006) | 0.28 (0.11–0.68; 0.005) |
| 3rd | 0.50 (0.25–0.98; 0.044) | 0.39 (0.17–0.90; 0.027) |
| Vitamin B12 | ||
| 1st | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 2nd | 1.60 (0.97–2.64; 0.066) | 1.09 (0.55–2.16; 0.800) |
| 3rd | 0.95 (0.51–1.78; 0.882) | 1.37 (0.65–2.89; 0.415) |
| Vitamin E | ||
| 1st | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 2nd | 0.69 (0.39–1.22; 0.199) | 0.87 (0.44–1.74; 0.696) |
| 3rd | 1.34 (0.81–2.22; 0.250) | 1.27 (0.66–2.48; 0.476) |
| Magnesium | ||
| 1st | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 2nd | 0.54 (0.27–1.07; 0.076) | 0.53 (0.21–1.35; 0.185) |
| 3rd | 2.25 (1.16–4.38; 0.016) | 3.19 (1.42–7.20; 0.005) |
* Participants using supplements were excluded (N = 1302, of which 33 with open-angle glaucoma, leaving 58 open-angle glaucoma cases)
CI confidence interval, IOP intraocular pressure