Table 3.
Population characteristics of the source studies by gender
| Study | Female | Male | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | BMI (kg/m2) | HbA1c (%) | Serum creatine (μmol/L) | Disease duration (years) | Age (years) | BMI (kg/m2) | HbA1c (%) | Serum creatine (μmol/L) | Disease duration (years) | |
| Barrett-Connor [11] | 76.0 | 26.3 | 6.7 | 99.7 | NA | 76.0 | 26.3 | 6.7 | 99.7 | NA |
| Tuominen [48] | 63.3 | 25.3 | 9.8 | NA | NA | 63.3 | 25.3 | 9.8 | NA | NA |
| Kao [6] | 54.3 | 33.0 | NA | NA | NA | 54.3 | 33.0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Dennison [49] | 64.8 | 26.6 | NA | NA | NA | 64.8 | 26.6 | NA | NA | NA |
| Bridges [50] | 62.8 | 31.4 | 8.9 | NA | 10.1 | 62.8 | 31.4 | 8.9 | NA | 10.1 |
| de Liefde [14] | 69.6 | 25.8 | NA | 96.2 | NA | 69.6 | 25.8 | NA | 96.2 | NA |
| Majima [7] | 62.8 | 23.6 | 7.8 | 66.3 | NA | 62.8 | 23.6 | 7.8 | 66.3 | NA |
| Schwartz [51] (white) | 73.7 | NA | 7.2 | NA | 7.4 | 73.7 | NA | 7.2 | NA | 7.4 |
| Schwartz [51] (black) | 74.0 | NA | 8.2 | NA | 9.5 | 74.0 | NA | 8.2 | NA | 9.5 |
| Rakic [52] | 66.0 | 29.0 | 7.4 | 94.0 | 8.7 | 66.0 | 29.0 | 7.4 | 94.0 | 8.7 |
| Yaturu et al. [5] | 67.5 | 30.1 | NA | 106.1 | NA | 67.5 | 30.1 | NA | 106.1 | NA |