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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Med Care. 2012 Jul;50(7):569–577. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e31824e319f

Table 4.

Impact of Health Reform on Use of High Referral Rate Procedures by Area Income, Race/ethnicity & Procedure Category

Procedure
Category
Cohort
(area income)
HRR Procedure Rates
Non-elderly (40–64 years)
HRR Procedure Rates
Elderly (>=70 years)
Net change (%): Post-reform change in procedure rate among non-elderly due to health reform Cohort
(race/ethnicity)
HRR Procedure Rates Non-elderly (40–64 years) HRR Procedure Rates Elderly (>=70 years) Net change (%): Post-reform change in procedure rate among non-elderly due to health reform


Overall Post-Reform Change (%) in Procedure Rate p-value (Difference in Lower vs. Highest Area Income Cohorts % Change=0) Overall Post-Reform Change (%) in Procedure Rate p-value (Difference in Lower vs. Highest Area Income Cohorts % Change=0) Net
Change (%)
95%
confidence interval
Overall Post-Reform Change (%) in Procedure Rate p-value (Difference in Non-White vs. White % Change=0) Overall Post-Reform Change (%) in Procedure Rate p-value (Difference in Non-White vs. White % Change=0) Net
Change (%)
95%
confidence interval
Musculoskeletal
Low 20% <0.001 5% <0.001 12% [3%, 22%] Hispanics 31% 0.017 19% 0.354 8% [−14%, 31%]
Medium 18% 0.001 5% 0.001 12% [5%, 19%] Blacks 25% 0.028 20% 0.124 3% [−12%, 19%]
High 9% Reference 9% Reference 1% [−3%, 6%] Whites 15% Reference 8% Reference 6% [2%, 11%]
Urinary/Genital
Low 12% 0.595 −11% 0.397 21% [10%, 31%] Hispanics 30% <0.001 −1% 0.846 34% [1%, 67%]
Medium 16% 0.031 −15% 0.024 32% [21%, 42%] Blacks 40% <0.001 42% <0.001 1% [−22%, 24%]
High 9% Reference −7% Reference 15% [2%, 28%] Whites 10% Reference −10% Reference 19% [11%, 26%]
Nervous
Low −6% 0.921 −2% 0.034 −4% [−16%, 9%] Hispanics 8% 0.151 −47% <0.001 71% [2%, 140%]
Medium −3% 0.32 3% 0.208 −6% [−20%, 8%] Blacks −16% 0.122 43% 0.03 −51% [−127%, 25%]
High −7% Reference 10% Reference −15% [−28%, −3%] Whites −3% Reference 7% Reference −10% [−19%, −2%]
Cardiovascular
Low −19% 0.312 −10% 0.157 −12% [−19%, −4%] Hispanics −2% 0.265 15% 0.216 −14% [−52%, 24%]
Medium −15% 0.849 −13% 0.021 5% [−6%, 16%] Blacks 2% 0.106 4% 0.5 0% [−65%, 66%]
High −15% Reference −4% Reference −16% [−21%, 11%] Whites −17% Reference −7% Reference −11% [−15%, −7%]
Digestive
Low −5% 0.989 −24% 0.005 23% [9%, 37%] Hispanics 8% 0.245 4% 0.508 10% [−27%, 48%]
Medium −4% 0.865 −−9% 0.505 0% [−10%, 11%] Blacks 5% 0.375 −30% 0.153 37% [5%, 69%]
High −5% Reference −12% Reference 10% [2%, 19%] Whites −4% Reference −13% Reference 10% [5%, 15%]

Notes:

  1. Overall change (%) in procedure rate is the simple % change in the pre- and post-reform procedure rates. Difference in overall change by race/ethnicity and area income are obtained by comparing overall change. The figures for the All cohort are identical to those in Table 3.
  2. Net change (%) in procedure rate among non-elderly due to health reform are calculated from a separate (county fixed effects) Poisson regression with a difference-in-difference specification using combined non-elderly and elderly cohort data. Confidence intervals are based on bootstrapped standard errors (N=1,000 iterations) to adjust for clustering of observations within county.
  3. Area Income cohorts are defined as: low=lowest quartile zip codes, medium=second quartile and high=top two quartiles