Fig. 1.

Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 expression in memory B cells from hereditary angioedema (HAE) patients and healthy controls. TLR-9 expression in memory B cells from the HAE group expressed a significantly higher amount of TLR-9 compared to a group of age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers without any symptoms of autoimmune disease (P = 0·0027). Moreover, the expression of TLR-9 in HAE patients who had autoantibodies was much higher than in the control group HAE (P = 0·0002) or from HAE patients without autoantibodies (P = 0·036). TLR-9 expression in HAE patients without autoantibodies compared to the control group was slightly higher, with borderline significance (P = 0·07).