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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Mem Lang. 2012 Jan 13;66(3):438–457. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2011.12.006
/ts′/-/tʂ′/
/ts′/
Chinese transcript pinyin IPA meaning
graphic file with name nihms345123t1.jpg ca(1)zui(3) ts′a(1)tsuei(3) wipe the mouth
graphic file with name nihms345123t2.jpg can(2)yu(2) ts′an(2)y(2) left
graphic file with name nihms345123t3.jpg cao(1)shou(3) ts′Ɑu(1)ʂou(3) ethics
graphic file with name nihms345123t4.jpg ci(2)tang(2) ts′ɨ(2)t′Ɑŋ(2) temple
graphic file with name nihms345123t5.jpg cong(1)yu(4) ts′uŋ(1)y(4) verdant
graphic file with name nihms345123t6.jpg cong(2)sheng(1) ts′uŋ(2)ʂəŋ(1) clusters
graphic file with name nihms345123t7.jpg cu(1)bu(4) ts′u(1)pu(4) coarse cloth
graphic file with name nihms345123t8.jpg cu(1)kou(3) ts′u(1)k′ou(3) harsh words
graphic file with name nihms345123t9.jpg cu(1)zhong(4) ts′u(1)tʂuŋ(4) heavy
graphic file with name nihms345123t10.jpg dian(4)ci(2) tian(4)ts′ɨ(2) electromagnetic
graphic file with name nihms345123t11.jpg duan(3)cu(4) tuan(3)ts′u(4) brief
graphic file with name nihms345123t12.jpg tui(1)ci(2) t′uei(1)ts′ɨ(2) decline
graphic file with name nihms345123t13.jpg xiao(3)cao(3) ɕiⱭu(3)ts′Ɑu(3) grass
graphic file with name nihms345123t14.jpg yan(2)ci(2) ian(2)ts′ɨ(2) words
graphic file with name nihms345123t15.jpg jie(1)ceng(2) tɕiε(1)ts′əŋ(2) hierarchy
graphic file with name nihms345123t16.jpg shen(1)cang(2) ʂən(1)ts′Ɑŋ(2) deep

/tʂ′/

graphic file with name nihms345123t17.jpg cha(1)zui(3) tʂ′a(1)tsuei(3) interrupt
graphic file with name nihms345123t18.jpg chan(2)yu(2) tʂ′an(2)y(2) leader of the Huns
graphic file with name nihms345123t19.jpg chao(1)shou(3) tʂ′Ɑu(1)ʂou(3) wanton soup
graphic file with name nihms345123t20.jpg chi(2)tang(2) tʂ′ɨ(2)t′Ɑŋ(2) pond
graphic file with name nihms345123t21.jpg chong(1)yu(4) tʂ′uŋ(1)y(4) ample
graphic file with name nihms345123t22.jpg chong(2)sheng(1) tʂ′uŋ(2)ʂəŋ(1) rebirth
graphic file with name nihms345123t23.jpg chu(1)bu(4) tʂ′u(1)pu(4) initial
graphic file with name nihms345123t24.jpg chu(1)kou(3) tʂ′u(1)k′ou(3) exit
graphic file with name nihms345123t25.jpg chu(1)zhong(4) tʂ′u(1)tʂuŋ(4) superior
graphic file with name nihms345123t26.jpg dian(4)chi(2) tian(4)tʂ′ɨ(2) battery
graphic file with name nihms345123t27.jpg duan(3)chu(4) tuan(3)tʂ′u(4) disadvantage
graphic file with name nihms345123t28.jpg tui(1)chi(2) t′uei(1)tʂ′ɨ(2) postpone
graphic file with name nihms345123t29.jpg xiao(3)chao(3) ɕiⱭu(3)tʂ′Ɑu(3) dishes
graphic file with name nihms345123t30.jpg yan(2)chi(2) ian(2)tʂ′ɨ(2) delay
graphic file with name nihms345123t31.jpg jie(1)cheng(2) tɕiε(1)tʂ′əŋ(2) factorial
graphic file with name nihms345123t32.jpg shen(1)chang(2) ʂən(1)tʂ′əŋ(2) extend

/t/-/t′/

/t/

graphic file with name nihms345123t33.jpg dan(1)xin(1) tan(1)ɕin(1) concern
graphic file with name nihms345123t34.jpg dan(3)zi0 tan(3)tsɨ(0) courage
graphic file with name nihms345123t35.jpg dan(4)shi(4) tan(4)ʂɨ(4) but
graphic file with name nihms345123t36.jpg dao(4)zhuang(1) tⱭu(4)tʂu;Ɑŋ(1) inversion
graphic file with name nihms345123t37.jpg di(3)yu(4) ti(3).y(4) resist
graphic file with name nihms345123t38.jpg di(4)dai(4) ti(4)tai(4) zone
graphic file with name nihms345123t39.jpg dian(1)fu(4) tian(1)fu(4) subversion
graphic file with name nihms345123t40.jpg diao(4)dong(4) tiⱭu(4)tu;ŋ(4) transfer
graphic file with name nihms345123t41.jpg dong(1)tian(1) tuŋ(1)t′ian(1) winter
graphic file with name nihms345123t42.jpg dong(4)xin(1) tu;ŋ(4)ɕin(1) tempted
graphic file with name nihms345123t43.jpg dong(4)xi(1) tu;ŋ(4)ɕi(1) insight
graphic file with name nihms345123t44.jpg du(3)zhu(4) tu(3)tʂu(4) bet
graphic file with name nihms345123t45.jpg du(4)zi0 tu(4)tsɨ(0) belly
graphic file with name nihms345123t46.jpg dui(4)hua(4) tuei(4)xua(4) dialogue
graphic file with name nihms345123t47.jpg nan(2)ding(1) nan(2)ti;ŋ(1) male
graphic file with name nihms345123t48.jpg pao(3)diao(4) p′Ɑu(3)tiⱭu(4) out of tune

/t′/

graphic file with name nihms345123t49.jpg tan(1)xin(1) t′an(1) ɕin(1) greedy
graphic file with name nihms345123t50.jpg tan(3)zi0 t′an(3)tsɨ(0) blanket
graphic file with name nihms345123t51.jpg tan(4)shi(4) t′an(4)ʂɨ(4) visit
graphic file with name nihms345123t52.jpg tao(4)zhuang(1) t′Ɑu(4)tʂuⱭŋ(1) suit
graphic file with name nihms345123t53.jpg ti(3)yu(4) t′i(3) y(4) sport
graphic file with name nihms345123t54.jpg ti(4)dai(4) t′i(4)tai(4) substitute
graphic file with name nihms345123t55.jpg tian(1)fu(4) t′ian(1)fu(4) talent
graphic file with name nihms345123t56.jpg tiao(4)dong(4) t′iⱭu(4)tu;ŋ(4) beat
graphic file with name nihms345123t57.jpg tong(1)tian(1) t′u;ŋ(1)t′ian(1) Babel
graphic file with name nihms345123t58.jpg tong(4)xin(1) t′u;ŋ(4)ɕin(1) sad
graphic file with name nihms345123t59.jpg tong(4)xi(1) t′u;ŋ(4)ɕi(1) deplore
graphic file with name nihms345123t60.jpg tu(3)zhu(4) t′u(3)tʂu(4) indigenous
graphic file with name nihms345123t61.jpg tu(4)zi0 t′u(4)tsɨ(0) rabbit
graphic file with name nihms345123t62.jpg tui(4)hua(4) t′uei(4)xua(4) degeneration
graphic file with name nihms345123t63.jpg nan(2)ting(1) nan(2)t′i;ŋ(1) not nice
graphic file with name nihms345123t64.jpg pao(3)tiao(4) p′Ɑu(3)t′iⱭu(4) jump

T2–T3

T2

graphic file with name nihms345123t65.jpg bai(2)bu(4) pai(2)pu(4) white cloth
graphic file with name nihms345123t66.jpg mo(2)sha(1) mo(2) ʂa(1) scrub
graphic file with name nihms345123t67.jpg fang(2)xian(4) fⱭŋ(2)ɕian(4) defense
graphic file with name nihms345123t68.jpg tu(2)di(4) t′u(2)ti(4) apprentice
graphic file with name nihms345123t69.jpg huo(2)li(4) xuo(2)li(4) vitality
graphic file with name nihms345123t70.jpg pi(2)fu(1) p′i(2)fu(1) skin
graphic file with name nihms345123t71.jpg mei(2)ren(2) mei(2)ʐən(2) matchmaker
graphic file with name nihms345123t72.jpg chan(2)chu(2) tʂ′an(2)tʂ′u(2) toad
graphic file with name nihms345123t73.jpg an(1)xiang(2) an(1) ɕiⱭŋ(2) serene
graphic file with name nihms345123t74.jpg bian(2)yuan(2) pian(2)yan(2) edge
graphic file with name nihms345123t75.jpg bu(4)fa(2) pu(4)fa(2) pace
graphic file with name nihms345123t76.jpg da(4)xue(2) ta(4)ɕyε(2) university
graphic file with name nihms345123t77.jpg dan(1)bao(2) tan(1)p u(2) thin
graphic file with name nihms345123t78.jpg sheng(1)huo(2) ʂəŋ(1)xuo(2) life
graphic file with name nihms345123t79.jpg qing(1)chu(2) tɕ′iŋ(1)tʂ′ u(2) remove
graphic file with name nihms345123t80.jpg li(4)shi(2) li(4)ʂɨ(2) last

T3

graphic file with name nihms345123t81.jpg bai(3)bu(4) pai(3)pu(4) manipulate
graphic file with name nihms345123t82.jpg mo(3)sha(1) mo(3) ʂa(1) obliterate
graphic file with name nihms345123t83.jpg fang(3)xian(4) fⱭŋ(3) ɕian(4) spin
graphic file with name nihms345123t84.jpg tu(3)di(4) t′u(3)ti(4) land
graphic file with name nihms345123t85.jpg huo(3)li(4) xuo(3)li(4) fire
graphic file with name nihms345123t86.jpg pi(3)fu(1) p′i(3)fu(1) ordinary man
graphic file with name nihms345123t87.jpg mei(3)ren(2) mei(3)ʐən(2) beauty
graphic file with name nihms345123t88.jpg chan(3)chu(2) tʂ′an(3)tʂ′u(2) eradicate
graphic file with name nihms345123t89.jpg an(1)xiang(3) an(1)ɕiⱭŋ(3) enjoy
graphic file with name nihms345123t90.jpg bian(1)yuan(3) pian(1)yan(3) remote
graphic file with name nihms345123t91.jpg bu(4)fa(3) pu(4)fa(3) illegal
graphic file with name nihms345123t92.jpg da(4)xue(3) ta(4)ɕyε(3) snow
graphic file with name nihms345123t93.jpg dan(1)bao(3) tan(1)pⱭu(3) guarantee
graphic file with name nihms345123t94.jpg sheng(1)huo(3) ʂəŋ(1)xuo(3) light a fire
graphic file with name nihms345123t95.jpg qing(1)chu(3) tɕ′i;ŋ(1)tʂ′u(3) clear
graphic file with name nihms345123t96.jpg li(4)shi(3) li(4)ʂɨ(3) history

T2–T4

T2

graphic file with name nihms345123t97.jpg ren(2)xing(4) ʐən(2)ɕiŋ(4) humanity
graphic file with name nihms345123t98.jpg fang(2)zhi(4) fⱭŋ(2)tʂɨ(4) prevention
graphic file with name nihms345123t99.jpg fu(2)he(2) fu(2)xɤ(2) conform to
graphic file with name nihms345123t100.jpg fu(2)li(4) fu(2)li(4) welfare
graphic file with name nihms345123t101.jpg gong(1)ren(2) ku;ŋ(1) ʐən(2) worker
graphic file with name nihms345123t102.jpg jia(2)shi(3) tɕia(2) ʂɨ(3) if
graphic file with name nihms345123t103.jpg hu(2)xing(2) xu(2) ɕi;ŋ(2) arc
graphic file with name nihms345123t104.jpg hui(2)bao(4) xuei(2)pⱭu(4) reward
graphic file with name nihms345123t105.jpg ji(2)jie(2) tɕi(2)tɕiε(2) assembly
graphic file with name nihms345123t106.jpg tong(2)shi(2) t′u;ŋ(2) ʂɨ(2) at the same time
graphic file with name nihms345123t107.jpg nian(2)ji(2) nian(2)tɕi(2) grade
graphic file with name nihms345123t108.jpg wu(4)shi(2) u(4)ʂɨ(2) pragmatic
graphic file with name nihms345123t109.jpg feng(1)su(2) fəŋ(1)su(2) custom
graphic file with name nihms345123t110.jpg feng(1)mi(2) fəŋ(1)mi(2) popular
graphic file with name nihms345123t111.jpg guo(4)shi(2) kuo(4) ʂɨ(2) out of date
graphic file with name nihms345123t112.jpg nian(2)hua(2) nian(2)xua(2) years

T4

graphic file with name nihms345123t113.jpg ren(4)xing(4) ʐən(4) ɕi;ŋ(4) capricious
graphic file with name nihms345123t114.jpg fang(4)zhi(4) fⱭŋ(4)tʂɨ(4) place
graphic file with name nihms345123t115.jpg fu(4)he(2) fu(4)xɤ(2) compound
graphic file with name nihms345123t116.jpg fu(4)li(4) fu(4)li(4) magnificent
graphic file with name nihms345123t117.jpg gong(1)ren(4) ku;ŋ(1)ʐən(4) accepted
graphic file with name nihms345123t118.jpg jia(4)shi(3) tɕia(4)ʂɨ(3) drive
graphic file with name nihms345123t119.jpg hu(4)xing(2) xu(4)ɕi;ŋ (2) unit
graphic file with name nihms345123t120.jpg hui(4)bao(4) xuei(4)pⱭu(4) report
graphic file with name nihms345123t121.jpg ji(4)jie(2) tɕi(4)tɕiε(2) season
graphic file with name nihms345123t122.jpg tong(2)shi(4) t′u;ŋ(2)ʂɨ(4) colleague
graphic file with name nihms345123t123.jpg nian(2)ji(4) nian(2)tɕi(4) age
graphic file with name nihms345123t124.jpg wu(4)shi(4) u(4)ʂɨ(4) make trouble
graphic file with name nihms345123t125.jpg feng(1)su(4) fəŋ(1)su(4) wind velocity
graphic file with name nihms345123t126.jpg feng(1)mi(4) fəŋ(1)mi(4) honey
graphic file with name nihms345123t127.jpg guo(2)shi(4) kuo(2)ʂɨ(4) pass away
graphic file with name nihms345123t128.jpg nian(2)hua(4) nian(2)xua(4) new year picture