TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics of clinic patients according to sex and immigration status
| Variables | Male | P | Female | Female | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immigrant (n=119) | Canadian (n=783) | Immigrant (n=135) | Canadian (n=136) | |||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 35 (30–41) | 41 (36–46) | <0.0001 | 32 (28–35) | 36 (30–44) | <0.0001 |
| Risk factor | ||||||
| Male who has sex with men | 49 (41.2) | 444 (56.7) | <0.01 | |||
| Injection drug use | 6 (5.0) | 38 (4.9) | 0.93 | 1 (0.7) | 14 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| Heterosexual contact | 52 (43.7) | 118 (15.1) | <0.0001 | 87 (64.4) | 72 (52.9) | 0.05 |
| Blood product | 8 (6.7) | 17 (2.2) | <0.01 | 10 (7.4) | 11 (8.1) | 0.83 |
| Missing/not reported | 0 (0.0) | 124 (15.8) | <0.0001 | 0 (0.0) | 18 (13.2) | <0.0001 |
| Region of birth | ||||||
| Canada | – | 588 (75.1) | – | 73 (53.7) | ||
| North America/Australia | 6 (5.0) | 11 (1.4) | – | 1 (0.7) | ||
| Central/South America | 31 (26.1) | 27 (3.4) | 9 (6.7) | 8 (5.9) | ||
| Africa | 47 (39.5) | 27 (3.4) | 106 (78.5) | 22 (16.2) | ||
| Caribbean | 9 (7.6) | 33 (4.2) | 13 (9.6) | 20 (14.7) | ||
| Europe | 8 (6.7) | 47 (6.0) | 2 (1.5) | 8 (5.9) | ||
| Middle East/Asia | 17 (14.3) | 50 (6.4) | 5 (3.7) | 4 (2.9) | ||
| Race | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Caucasian | 20 (16.8) | 426 (54.4) | 0 (0.0) | 47 (34.6) | ||
| Black | 51 (42.9) | 61 (7.8) | 119 (88.1) | 45 (33.1) | ||
| Asian | 17 (14.3) | 50 (6.4) | 3 (2.2) | 4 (2.9) | ||
| First Nations | 0 (0.0) | 14 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (3.7) | ||
| Other | 23 (19.3) | 32 (4.1) | 7 (5.2) | 7 (5.1) | ||
| Data missing | 8 (6.7) | 200 (25.5) | 6 (4.4) | 28 (20.6) | ||
| Year of first HIV-positive test | 2002 (2000–2005) | 2000 (1993–2003) | <0.0001 | 2002 (2001–2004) | 2001 (1996–2004) | <0.01 |
| Year of initial clinic visit | 2004 (2002–2007) | 2003 (2001–2006) | <0.01 | 2003 (2002–2005) | 2003 (2001–2006) | 0.98 |
| Earliest CD4 count after initial clinic visit, cells/mm3, median (IQR) | 235 (109–413) | 286 (147–460) | 0.03 | 296 (164–505) | 321 (169–486) | 0.83 |
| Earliest viral load after initial clinic visit, log10 copies/mL, median (IQR) | 4.4 (3.6–5.0) | 4.3 (2.6–5.0) | 0.13 | 3.8 (2.8–4.5) | 3.8 (2.2–4.5) | 0.75 |
| Suppressed (<50 copies/mL) at initial clinic visit | 23 (19.3) | 267 (34.1) | <0.01 | 16 (11.9) | 35 (25.7) | <0.01 |
| Hepatitis C positive | ||||||
| Before initial clinic visit | 4 (3.4) | 44 (5.6) | 0.58 | 1 (0.7) | 16 (11.8) | <0.001 |
| After initial clinic visit | 3 (2.5) | 22 (2.8) | 0.58 | 2 (1.5) | 5 (3.7) | |
| Antiretroviral (ARV) status | ||||||
| Not started | 27 (22.7) | 252 (32.2) | <0.01 | 28 (20.7) | 35 (25.7) | <0.01 |
| Before initial clinic visit | 31 (26.1) | 253 (32.3) | <0.01 | 24 (17.8) | 43 (31.6) | |
| Started since initial clinic visit | 61 (51.3) | 278 (35.5) | <0.01 | 83 (61.5) | 58 (42.6) | |
| Among those who started ARV before initial clinic visit | ||||||
| cART exposed | 27 (87.1) | 213 (84.2) | 0.67 | 19 (79.2) | 32 (74.4) | 0.66 |
| NRTI exposed | 30 (96.8) | 249 (98.4) | 0.51 | 24 (100.0) | 43 (100.0) | |
| NNRTI exposed | 19 (61.3) | 124 (49.0) | 0.20 | 10 (41.7) | 18 (41.9) | 0.99 |
| Unboosted PI exposed | 9 (29.0) | 134 (53.0) | 0.01 | 9 (37.5) | 21 (48.8) | 0.37 |
| Boosted PI exposed | 9 (29.0) | 79 (31.2) | 0.80 | 3 (12.5) | 10 (23.3) | 0.29 |
| Initial treatment for those who began therapy after initial clinic visit | ||||||
| cART | 60 (98.4) | 255 (91.7) | 0.07 | 75 (90.4) | 50 (86.2) | 0.44 |
| Included NRTI | 61 (100.0) | 268 (96.4) | 0.13 | 82 (98.8) | 53 (91.4) | 0.03 |
| Included NNRTI | 39 (63.9) | 108 (38.8) | <0.001 | 38 (45.8) | 25 (43.1) | 0.75 |
| Included unboosted PI | 8 (13.1) | 49 (17.6) | 0.39 | 14 (16.9) | 15 (25.9) | 0.19 |
| Included boosted PI | 13 (21.3) | 104 (37.4) | 0.02 | 22 (26.5) | 13 (22.4) | 0.58 |
Data presented as n (%), unless otherwise indicated. cART Combination antiretroviral therapy; IQR Interquartile range; NRTI Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTI Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors; PI Protease inhibitor