Table 5.
Multinomial logistic regression modeling results showing association between parent, sibling and peer behaviors and offspring smoking variables with never smoking as the common reference.†
| Offspring smoking variables: | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ever Smoked | Regular smoker | Nicotine Dependence1) | |
| Sociodemographic variables | OR(95%CI) | OR(95%CI) | OR(95%CI) |
| offspring age | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) | 1.17 (1.11–1.22) | 1.21 (1.15–1.28) |
| father's self reported race: white | 1.97 (1.08–3.59) | 3.17 (1.33–7.53) | 2.03 (0.82–5.04) |
| male offspring | 1.11 (0.85–1.47) | 0.81 (0.57–1.15) | 1.54 (1.05–2.26) |
| mother education ≤ high school | 1.15 (0.83–1.59) | 0.74(0.48–1.13) | 1.20 (0.76–1.88) |
| Parents not married | 1.35 (0.95–1.91) | 1.12 (0.70–1.80) | 2.04 (1.29–3.20) |
| Father and mother self reported nicotine dependence (ND) | |||
| father ND 4-group2): | |||
| ND Group1 (HG-HE) | 0.85 (0.59–1.22) | 1.17(0.71–1.91) | 2.25 (1.28–3.95) |
| ND Group2 (HG-LE) | 0.66 (0.37–1.18) | 1.15 (0.56–2.38) | 1.52 (0.67–3.45) |
| ND Group3 (MG-LE) | 0.69 (0.41–1.16) | 0.89 (0.43–1.87) | 1.05 (0.47–2.33) |
| ND Group4 (LG-LE) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| mother heavy smoking index (HSI): | |||
| Lifetime non-smoker | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Low | 1.20 (0.82–1.75) | 1.72 (1.07–2.75) | 1.18 (0.70–2.01) |
| High | 1.10 (0.75–1.62) | 1.20 (0.75–1.93) | 1.76 (1.06–2.93) |
| Perceived parental behaviors | |||
| mother problem drinking | 1.25 (0.68–2.28) | 1.80 (0.9–3.42) | 2.64 (1.38–5.05) |
| father problem/excessive drinker | 1.18 (0.82–1.72) | 1.11 (0.69–1.77) | 1.25 (0.78–2.00) |
| father strictness: little less/lot less | 0.96 (0.67–1.37) | 0.78 (0.49–1.24) | 0.80 (0.49–1.24) |
| same | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| a lot more/little more | 1.34 (0.98–1.83) | 1.37 (0.90–2.08) | 1.08 (0.67–1.93) |
| mother not consistent about rules | 1.17 (0.75–1.83) | 1.57 (0.94–2.62) | 1.72 (1.02–2.90) |
| father not consistent about rules | 1.49 (0.92–2.40) | 1.05 (0.59–1.87) | 1.34 (0.71–2.52) |
| mother closeness: very close | 1.27 (0.62–2.61) | 1.49 (0.63–3.55) | 1.10 (0.48–2.54) |
| somewhat close | 1.32 (0.91–1.89) | 1.37 (0.87–2.15) | 1.50 (0.95–2.38) |
| not very/not at all close | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| father closeness: very close | 0.90 (0.52–1.56) | 1.56 (0.84–2.90) | 1.37 (0.75–2.51) |
| some what close | 1.05 (0.78–1.43) | 1.07 (0.71–1.61) | 1.13 (0.73–1.74) |
| not very/not at all close | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Mother pressure to do well in school: | |||
| A lot | 2.24(1.23–4.10) | 1.80 (0.81–3.97) | 2.03 (0.85–4.83) |
| Some | 1.86 (1.01–3.41) | 2.11 (0.97–4.58) | 2.29 (0.96–5.45) |
| A little | 1.50 (0.77–2.92) | 0.84 (0.35–2.01) | 1.90 (0.72–5.01) |
| None | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Perceived sibling behaviors | |||
| no full biological siblings | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| any full biological siblings | 1.18 (0.74–1.88) | 0.91 (0.49–1.70) | 0.90 (0.50–1.62) |
| any sibling use illicit drugs: | |||
| none | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| cannabis only | 2.0 (1.37–2.92) | 2.84 (1.73–4.64) | 1.90 (1.10–3.30) |
| cannabis and other drugs | 1.53 (0.99–2.34) | 2.92 (1.71–4.98) | 2.27 (1.27–4.05) |
| Perceived peer behaviors | |||
| Current friends smoked: | |||
| none | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| a few | 1.54 (1.11–2.13) | 2.37 (1.51–3.72) | 4.34 (2.48–7.25) |
| a quarter or more | 2.12 (1.30–3.45) | 7.55 (4.22–13.50) | 20.8 (10.9–39.6) |
| Current friends drink at least 1/week: | |||
| none | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| a few | 1.85 (1.30–2.62) | 1.75 (1.06–2.90) | 0.77 (0.44–1.35) |
| quarter or more | 2.04 (1.32–3.13) | 1.2 (0.69–2.08) | 0.86 (0.46–1.59) |
| Current friends use drugs: | |||
| none | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| a few | 1.84 (1.30–2.61) | 3.14 (1.86–5.30) | 2.28 (1.30–3.90) |
| quarter or more | 1.77 (1.10–2.85) | 3.99 (2.12–7.52) | 3.43 (1.76–6.69) |
| school peer smoking: | |||
| none/ a few | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| quarter to one-half | 1.10 (0.77–1.56) | 1.25 (0.75–2.08) | 1.24 (0.69–2.20) |
| one-half or more | 1.32 (0.81–2.16) | 1.16 (0.59–2.27) | 1.73 (0.85–3.51) |
| school peer drinking: | |||
| none/ a few | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| quarter to one-half | 1.10 (0.71–1.71) | 1.55 (0.79–3.03) | 1.04 (0.51–2.11) |
| one-half or more | 1.15 (0.70–1.90) | 2.03 (0.95–4.34) | 1.37 (0.65–2.88) |
| school peer drug use: | |||
| none/ a few | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| quarter to one-half | 1.0 (0.70–1.43) | 0.72 (0.45–1.16) | 0.95 (0.58–1.55) |
| one-half or more | 1.26 (0.73–2.16) | 1.26 (0.64–2.46) | 1.45 (0.74–2.86) |
The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to define nicotine dependence
4-Group design: Group 1 - Offspring at high genetic (HG) and high environmental (HE) risk because fathers are MZ and DZ twins with DSM-III-R ND, Group 2- Offspring at high genetic (HG) and low environmental (LE) risk because fathers are unaffected MZ twins whose co-twin has DSM-III-R ND, Group 3- Offspring at medium genetic (MG) and LE risk because fathers are unaffected DZ twins whose co-twin has DSM-III-R ND, Group 4- offspring at low genetic and LE because fathers are unaffected ND MZ and DZ control pairs.
adjusted for sampling design variable: 7-level design based on father and co-twins AD and DD status and zygosity. Level 1 consisted of offspring born to fathers with drug dependence (DD) with and without alcohol dependence (AD). Level 2 offspring were born to unaffected MZ twins whose co-twin had DD with and without AD. Level 3 offspring were born to unaffected DZ twin fathers whose co-twin had DD with and without AD. Level 4 offspring were born to fathers with AD. Level 5 – offspring had unaffected MZ twin fathers whose co-twin had AD. Level 6 offspring had unaffected DZ twin fathers whose co-twin had AD, and Level 7 offspring were born to MZ and DZ twins without DD and AD.