TABLE 1.
Selected characteristics across quintiles of daily vitamin D intake at baseline in white and African American young adults without metabolic syndrome (n = 4727)1
| Quintiles of daily diet plus supplement vitamin D intake at baseline |
||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P-trend | |
| Vitamin D (μg) | <2.94 | 2.94–5.13 | 5.14–8.30 | 8.31–13.5 | >13.5 | — |
| n | 942 | 948 | 947 | 946 | 944 | — |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age (y) | 25.0 ± 0.12 | 25.0 ± 0.12 | 24.8 ± 0.12 | 24.8 ± 0.12 | 24.7 ± 0.12 | 0.05 |
| Sex, M (%) | 57.2 ± 1.5 | 55.7 ± 1.5 | 51.8 ± 1.4 | 54.1 ± 1.5 | 56.6 ± 1.5 | 0.59 |
| Race, black (%) | 62.4 ± 1.5 | 56.3 ± 1.5 | 50.5 ± 1.5 | 43.3 ± 1.5 | 37.5 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Education, high school graduate (%) | 60.9 ± 1.6 | 62.9 ± 1.5 | 62.3 ± .5 | 62.0 ± 1.5 | 60.1 ± 1.6 | 0.64 |
| Lifestyle characteristics | ||||||
| Smoking (%) | 32.4 ± 1.5 | 30.4 ± 1.4 | 32.5 ± 1.4 | 27.2 ± 1.4 | 24.1 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity score | 401 ± 9.3 | 401 ± 8.9 | 414 ± 8.8 | 415 ± 8.9 | 461 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
| Energy (kcal/d) | 2052 ± 36.8 | 2544 ± 36.1 | 2820 ± 36.1 | 3097 ± 36.2 | 3679 ± 36.7 | <0.001 |
| Milk (servings/d) | 0.43 ± 0.05 | 0.69 ± 0.05 | 1.27 ± 0.05 | 1.74 ± 0.05 | 3.45 ± 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Fish (servings/d) | 0.76 ± 0.05 | 0.88 ± 0.04 | 0.93 ± 0.04 | 0.93 ± 0.04 | 1.24 ± 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol (servings/d) | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.004 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 0.2 | 24.3 ± 0.2 | 24.3 ± 0.2 | 24.0 ± 0.2 | 24.1 ± 0.2 | 0.005 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 78.0 ± 0.3 | 77.1 ± 0.3 | 77.3 ± 0.3 | 76.5 ± 0.3 | 76.8 ± 0.3 | 0.009 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 110.2 ± 0.3 | 110.1 ± 0.3 | 109.8 ± 0.3 | 109.9 ± 0.3 | 110.1 ± 0.3 | 0.67 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 68.5 ± 0.3 | 68.3 ± 0.3 | 68.1 ± 0.3 | 68.5 ± 0.3 | 68.1 ± 0.3 | 0.56 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52.9 ± 0.4 | 53.7 ± 0.4 | 53.2 ± 0.4 | 54.2 ± 0.4 | 53.4 ± 0.4 | 0.30 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 70.5 ± 1.4 | 72.2 ± 1.4 | 70.2 ± 1.4 | 68.9 ± 1.4 | 69.3 ± 1.4 | 0.24 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 81.9 ± 0.3 | 81.9 ± 0.3 | 81.3 ± 0.3 | 81.5 ± 0.3 | 81.4 ± 0.3 | 0.11 |
1
Characteristics were adjusted for age, sex, race, education, center, and energy intake. DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.