TABLE 2.
Cumulative prevalence of metabolic syndrome components over 20 y across quintiles of daily dietary and supplemental vitamin D intake (n = 4727)1
| Quintiles of daily diet plus supplement intake of vitamin D |
||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P-trend | |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 0.22–3.70 | 3.71–6.09 | 6.10–8.99 | 9.0–13.5 | >13.5 | — |
| n | 945 | 946 | 945 | 945 | 946 | — |
| Abdominal obesity2 | 39.8 ± 1.63 | 35.8 ± 1.5 | 38.5 ± 1.5 | 33.1 ± 1.5 | 36.0 ± 1.6 | 0.05 |
| EBP4 | 35.8 ± 1.6 | 32.9 ± 1.5 | 33.5 ± 1.5 | 33.4 ± 1.5 | 31.1 ± 1.6 | 0.09 |
| High glucose5 | 13.1 ± 1.1 | 13.3 ± 1.1 | 13.1 ± 1.0 | 9.8 ± 1.1 | 10.3 ± 1.1 | 0.01 |
| Low HDL6 | 55.3 ± 1.7 | 56.1 ± 1.6 | 56.3 ± 1.6 | 50.9 ± 1.6 | 49.6 ± 1.7 | 0.004 |
| High triglyceride7 | 25.4 ± 1.5 | 24.9 ± 1.4 | 28.3 ± 1.4 | 23.4 ± 1.4 | 26.8 ± 1.5 | 0.81 |
1
Adjusted for age, sex, race, education, center, and energy intake. Quintiles of daily vitamin D intake are averages of year 0 + 7 dietary and supplement data.
2
Defined as >102 cm for men and >88 cm for women.
3
Percentage ± SE (all such values).
4
EBP, elevated blood pressure (defined as systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive medications).
5
Defined as fasting glucose ≥110 mg/dL.
6
Defined as <40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women.
7
Defined as fasting triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL.