Table 2. Characteristics of ion concentrations in study participants.
| Overweight/obesity | Metabolic syndrome | Type 2 diabetes | ||||
| No (n = 460) | Yes (n = 516) | No (n = 577) | Yes (n = 399) | No (n = 854) | Yes (n = 122) | |
| Age (yrs)* | 45.8 (5.5) | 46.0 (5.3) | 45.4 (5.5) | 46.7 (5.1)‡ | 45.9 (5.4) | 46.2 (5.3) |
| Men (n, %)* | 149 (32.4) | 207 (40.1)‡ | 188 (32.6) | 168 (42.1)‡ | 304 (35.6) | 52 (42.6) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.0 (1.4) | 27.9 (2.6)‡ | 22.6 (3.2) | 27.6 (3.2)‡ | 24.2 (3.9) | 27.2 (4.0)‡ |
| Ca (ppm)† | 6.46 (6.39–6.54) | 6.54 (6.46–6.62) | 6.50 (6.44–6.58) | 6.49 (6.40–6.59) | 6.51 (6.45–6.57) | 6.47 (6.33–6.62) |
| Cr (ppb)† | 0.70 (0.49–0.99) | 0.75 (0.54–1.04) | 0.52 (0.38–0.72) | 1.15 (0.81–1.64)‡ | 0.66 (0.51–0.85) | 1.42 (0.77–2.60)‡ |
| Cu (ppb)† | 629.7 (613.7–646.1) | 657.3 (640.6–674.5)‡ | 630.7 (616.2–645.6) | 664.0 (644.9–683.7)‡ | 639.4 (627.2–651.9) | 678.0 (641.8–716.4)‡ |
| Fe (ppb)† | 818.5 (779.8–859.2) | 910.2 (870.0–952.3)‡ | 847.2 (810.9–885.1) | 893.4 (849.2–939.8) | 859.6 (829.2–891.2) | 909.9 (837.9–988.1) |
| K (ppm)† | 413.0 (403.0–423.2) | 410.6 (401.4–420.0) | 412.2 (403.3–421.3) | 411.0 (400.6–421.6) | 411.1 (403.8–418.5) | 416.0 (398.0–434.8) |
| Mg (ppm)† | 18.7 (18.5–18.8) | 18.4 (18.3–18.6)‡ | 18.6 (18.5–18.8) | 18.4 (18.2–18.6)‡ | 18.6 (18.5–18.8) | 18.0 (17.6–18.4)‡ |
| Mn (ppb)† | 1.24 (1.04–1.49) | 1.42 (1.23–1.64) | 1.24 (1.06–1.44) | 1.49 (1.26–1.76) | 1.31 (1.16–1.48) | 1.52 (1.15–2.01) |
| Mo (ppb)† | 0.76 (0.62–0.94) | 0.68 (0.55–0.82) | 0.76 (0.63–0.90) | 0.66 (0.52–0.84) | 0.71 (0.61–0.83) | 0.75 (0.51–1.09) |
| P (ppm)† | 75.6 (74.4–76.7) | 77.7 (76.6–78.8)‡ | 74.9 (74.0–75.9) | 79.3 (77.9–80.7)‡ | 76.3 (75.5–77.2) | 79.3 (76.8–81.8)‡ |
| Re (ppb)† | 0.07 (0.07–0.08) | 0.08 (0.07–0.08) | 0.07 (0.07–0.08) | 0.07 (0.07–0.08) | 0.08 (0.07–0.08) | 0.07 (0.06–0.07)‡ |
| S (ppm)† | 1012.2 (1003.4–1021.1) | 1029.1 (1019.7–1038.5)‡ | 1015.2 (1007.3–1023.1) | 1029.7 (1018.7–1040.8)‡ | 1018.5 (1011.7–1025.4) | 1039.4 (1020.2–1059.1)‡ |
| Sb (ppb)† | 0.50 (0.40–0.62) | 0.38 (0.30–0.48) | 0.40 (0.32–0.49) | 0.49 (0.38–0.62) | 0.42 (0.35–0.50) | 0.55 (0.37–0.82) |
| Se (ppb)† | 95.3 (93.7–96.9) | 96.8 (95.1–98.4) | 94.9 (93.4–96.4) | 97.8 (95.9–99.7)‡ | 95.6 (94.4–96.8) | 99.5 (95.6–103.5)‡ |
| Sn (ppb)† | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | 0.93 (0.89–0.98) | 0.90 (0.87–0.94) | 0.95 (0.91–1.00) | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) |
| Sr (ppb)† | 32.3 (31.5–33.2) | 34.0 (33.1–34.8)‡ | 32.5 (31.7–33.2) | 34.2 (33.2–35.3)‡ | 33.2 (32.5–33.8) | 33.2 (31.7–34.7) |
| Ti (ppb)† | 139.8 (138.6–141.1) | 140.4 (139.1–141.8) | 139.8 (138.7–140.9) | 140.6 (139.1–142.2) | 139.9 (139.0–140.9) | 141.5 (139.1–144.1) |
| Zn (ppb)† | 389.6 (379.2–400.4) | 404.7 (394.5–415.2) | 393.8 (384.8–403.1) | 402.9 (390.7–415.5) | 397.5 (389.4–405.6) | 398.1 (380.9–415.9) |
Data are arithmetic mean (SD).
*
Data not adjusted for itself.
†
Data are geometric mean (95% CI).
‡
P value<0.05 between 2 groups after adjustment for age and sex. Percentages may not sum to 100 because of rounding.