Table 1. Baseline Characteristicsa of 4,345 Individuals with Diabetes from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition across Study Center-Specific Quartiles of HbA1c Measured in Stored Erythrocytes.
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |||||
| Mean (SE) | % | Mean (SE) | % | Mean (SE) | % | Mean (SE) | % | |
| N | 1,162 | 1,054 | 1,071 | 1,058 | ||||
| HbA1c, % | 6.3 (0.5) | 7.3 (0.6) | 8.3 (0.9) | 10.6 (1.8) | ||||
| Male participants | 51 | 54 | 52 | 51 | ||||
| Age, y | 56.4 (7.7) | 57.4 (7.0) | 57.8 (7.0) | 57.3 (6.9) | ||||
| Disease duration, y | 7.0 (7.5) | 7.7 (7.9) | 9.3 (8.5) | 10.5 (8.5) | ||||
| No medication use | 51 | 37 | 22 | 14 | ||||
| Metformin (monotherapy) | 5 | 7 | 6 | 4 | ||||
| Metformin (combined) | 8 | 11 | 13 | 15 | ||||
| Sulfonamides | 17 | 19 | 22 | 23 | ||||
| Other OHA or combinations | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | ||||
| Insulin and OHA combined | 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | ||||
| Insulin therapy | 11 | 16 | 23 | 27 | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 141 (20) | 144 (21) | 144 (20) | 145 (20) | ||||
| Co-morbidities | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.4 (4.6) | 28.9 (4.8) | 29.0 (4.8) | 29.4 (4.9) | ||||
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never | 42 | 43 | 40 | 39 | ||||
| Former | 34 | 34 | 35 | 36 | ||||
| Current | 23 | 22 | 24 | 24 | ||||
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Inactive | 14 | 14 | 13 | 11 | ||||
| Moderately inactive | 33 | 32 | 30 | 32 | ||||
| Moderately active | 45 | 46 | 49 | 49 | ||||
| Active | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | ||||
| Education | ||||||||
| None | 6 | 7 | 4 | 5 | ||||
| Primary school | 41 | 42 | 41 | 44 | ||||
| Technical/professional school | 23 | 24 | 26 | 24 | ||||
| Secondary school | 14 | 12 | 14 | 11 | ||||
| Longer (including University) | 16 | 15 | 16 | 15 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent.
a
Continuous variables are shown as mean (SE) and categorical variables are shown as %.