Table 3. Hazard Ratios (95% CI) of Associations between HbA1c, Diabetes Medication use, Disease Duration and Total Mortality in Individuals with Diabetes.
Cases | PY | HR a | 95% CI | HR b | 95% CI | |
HbA1c ( n =4,345) | ||||||
Q1 | 96 | 11,075 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
Q2 | 100 | 9,761 | 1.26 | 0.93, 1.70 | 1.16 | 0.85, 1.58 |
Q3 | 114 | 9,802 | 1.15 | 0.86, 1.54 | 1.03 | 0.77, 1.39 |
Q4 | 150 | 9,495 | 2.02 | 1.53, 2.65 | 1.77 | 1.32, 2.36 |
P-Trend | <0001 | <0001 | ||||
per 1% increase | 460 | 40,133 | 1.13 | 1.08, 1.19 | 1.11 | 1.06, 1.17 |
Diabetes medication ( n =4,516) | ||||||
No medication use | 101 | 12,569 | 0.53 | 0.34, 0.81 | 0.58 | 0.37, 0.90 |
Metformin (monotherapy) | 30 | 2,043 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
Metformin (combined) | 68 | 4,653 | 0.72 | 0.46, 1.14 | 0.65 | 0.41, 1.04 |
Sulfonamides | 153 | 7,545 | 0.82 | 0.54, 1.24 | 0.78 | 0.51, 1.18 |
Combinations or other OHA | 30 | 2,573 | 0.76 | 0.44, 1.30 | 0.74 | 0.43, 1.27 |
Insulin and OHA combined | 32 | 2,692 | 0.91 | 0.54, 1.56 | 0.79 | 0.46, 1.36 |
Insulin therapy | 130 | 7,971 | 0.92 | 0.60, 1.41 | 0.76 | 0.49, 1.04 |
Disease duration ( n =5,837) | ||||||
<2.0 y | 157 | 13,695 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
2.0 – 4.6 y | 170 | 13,567 | 1.01 | 0.81, 1.27 | 0.96 | 0.76, 1.21 |
4.6 – 9.9 y | 191 | 13,212 | 1.27 | 1.02, 1.69 | 1.06 | 0.84, 1.34 |
>9.9 y | 190 | 12,936 | 1.41 | 1.10, 1.82 | 1.08 | 0.83, 1.41 |
P-Trend | 0.003 | 0.44 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, Hazard Ratio; OHA, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents; PY, person-years.
Model 1: Age- and center-stratified and adjusted for sex, co-morbidities, physical activity, smoking status, educational attainment, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure;
Model 2: Model 1 additionally adjusted for disease duration, diabetes medication use, or HbA1c and storage time when adequate.