Table 4. Hazard Ratios (95% CI) of Associations Between a 1% -Increase in HbA1c and Total Mortality, Stratified for Several Diabetes-Related Variables, and Cause-Specific Mortality in 4,345 Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus.
| HR a | 95% CI | |
| per 1% increase | 1.11 | 1.06, 1.17 |
| By diabetes medication | ||
| No medication | 1.10 | 0.91, 1.34 |
| OHA | 1.13 | 1.05, 1.21 |
| - Metformin | 1.15 | 1.01, 1.31 |
| - Sulphonamides | 1.10 | 0.99, 1.22 |
| Insulin and OHA | 1.64 | 0.91, 2.94 |
| Insulin therapy | 1.14 | 0.98, 1.32 |
| By disease duration | ||
| <3.5 y | 1.17 | 1.02, 1.33 |
| 3.5 – 9.9 y | 1.09 | 1.00, 1.20 |
| >9.9 y | 1.08 | 0.99, 1.19 |
| By co-morbidities | ||
| With co-morbidities (11%) | 1.09 | 0.96, 1.23 |
| Without co-morbidities (89%) | 1.11 | 1.04, 1.17 |
| Cause-specific mortality | ||
| CVD | 1.14 | 1.05, 1.24 |
| Cancer | 1.05 | 0.95, 1.17 |
| Other known causes | 1.21 | 1.09, 1.35b |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; OHA, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents; HR, Hazard Ratio.
a
Age- and center-stratified and adjusted for sex, physical activity, smoking status, educational attainment, body mass index, systolic blood pressure and for diabetes medication use, co-morbidities or disease duration when these were not stratified for.
b
P value 0.04 for difference in risk estimate derived from competing risk model versus cancer mortality.