Table 4.
Changes in secondary outcome measures over time as a function of three prevention arms.
| Group | Adjusted Changes: M18 | Adjusted Changes: M28 | Overall Changes | F (arm) (2, 14) | Effect Size
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pair | M28 | Average | ||||||
| Total Energy Intake (kcal) | PP | −38.3(31.6) | −127(31.8) | −82.9(22.6) | 1.36 | PP vs PP+PS | −0.23 | −0.23 |
| PP+PS | 4.5(28.9) | −84.2(29.0) | −39.8(20.7) | P vs C | −0.39 | −0.23 | ||
| C | −24.1(29.6) | −50.4(29.8) | −37.3(21.3) | PP+PS vs C | −0.18 | −0.01 | ||
| Energy from Total Fat (kcal) | PP | −19.4(13.6) | −65.6(13.7) | −42.5(9.7) | 1.12 | PP vs PP+PS | −0.14 | −0.14 |
| PP+PS | −8.9(12.4) | −53.5(12.5) | −31.2(8.9) | P vs C | −0.49 | −0.22 | ||
| C | −23.6(12.7) | −21.8(12.8) | −22.7(8.9) | PP+PS vs C | −0.39 | −0.10 | ||
| Energy from Saturated Fat (kcal) | PP | −7.0(4.8) | −20.5(4.9) | −13.7(3.7) | 0.67 | PP vs PP+PS | −0.14 | −0.15 |
| PP+PS | −1.8(4.4) | −16.0(4.4) | −8.9(3.4) | P vs C | −0.34 | −0.16 | ||
| C | −7.6(4.5) | −9.3(4.5) | −8.4(3.4) | PP+PS vs C | −0.22 | −0.02 | ||
| Energy from Protein (kcal) | PP | −8.1(9.5) | −2.8(9.6) | −5.4(7.0) | 0.67 | PP vs PP+PS | −0.04 | −0.23 |
| PP+PS | 10.5(8.7) | −0.9(8.7) | 4.8(6.4) | P vs C | 0.02 | −0.05 | ||
| C | −2.0(8.8) | −4.0(8.8) | −3.0(6.4) | PP+PS vs C | 0.07 | 0.17 | ||
| Energy from Carbohydrate (kcal) | PP | −6.0(17.3) | −54.0(17.4) | −30.0(14.2) | 0.52 | PP vs PP+PS | −0.25 | −0.17 |
| PP+PS | 3.5(15.8) | −29.6(15.9) | −13.1(−1.0) | P vs C | −0.29 | −0.17 | ||
| C | −0.8(16.2) | −24.3(16.3) | −12.6(13.3) | PP+PS vs C | −0.05 | −0.00 | ||
| SAPAC: Physical Activity Time (min) | PP | −13.4(8.5) | −35.4(8.6) | −24.4(7.5) | 2.99 | PP vs PP+PS | −0.21 | −0.19 |
| PP+PS | 4.5(7.8) | −10.8(7.9) | −3.1(6.9) | P vs C | −0.02 | 0.00 | ||
| C | −14.5(9.1) | −32.8(9.2) | −23.6(8.2) | PP+PS vs C | 0.22 | 0.21 | ||
| SAPAC: Sedentary Behavior Time (min) | PP | −10.0(8.1) | −12.0(8.5) | −11.0(7.3) | 2.85 | PP vs PP+PS | 0.13 | 0.13 |
| PP+PS | −31.7(7.6) | −36.2(7.8) | −34.0(6.7) | P vs C | 0.09 | 0.05 | ||
| C | −11.8(9.7) | −27.0(9.9) | −19.4(8.9) | PP+PS vs C | −0.01 | −0.09 | ||
Note: PP = Primary Prevention, PP+PS = Primary + Secondary Prevention, C = Control.
Changes are adjusted means (SE).
F values are arm main effects. Reported F values are not statistically significant (P><.05); therefore no post-hoc tests were conducted.
E.S.: Effect size is the standardized mean difference δT appropriate for cluster randomized designs (34).
Intra-class correlations ranged from 0.15 to 0.38 for food intake data; and .05 for Physical Activity and .03 for Sedentary Behavior