Table 5.
Changes in secondary outcome measures over time as a function of three prevention arms for students who were overweight at the baseline.
| Group | Adjusted Changes: M18 | Adjusted Changes: M28 | Overall Changes | F (arm) (2, 14) | Effect Size
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pair | M28 | Average | ||||||
| Total Energy Intake (kcal) | PP | −50.6(30.7) | −154.5(31.3) | −102.6(22.3) | 1.43 | PP vs PP+PS | −0.26 | −0.21 |
| PP+PS | −18.2(28.5) | −106.5(28.7) | −62.3(20.6) | P vs C | −0.50 | −0.26 | ||
| C | −47.9(30.4) | −58.7(30.5) | −53.3(22.2) | PP+PS vs C | −0.26 | −0.05 | ||
| Energy from Total Fat (kcal) | PP | −22.7(14.1) | −76.0(14.4) | −49.4(10.2) | 0.96 | PP vs PP+PS | −0.19 | −0.13 |
| PP+PS | −16.4(13.1) | −59.1(13.1) | −37.7(9.4) | P vs C | −0.42 | −0.21 | ||
| C | −35.7(13.8) | −23.8(13.8) | −29.8(10.0) | PP+PS vs C | −0.27 | −0.10 | ||
| Energy from Saturated Fat (kcal) | PP | −7.7(5.3) | −24.3(5.4) | −16.0(4.2) | 0.50 | PP vs PP+PS | −0.17 | −0.12 |
| PP+PS | −5.0(4.9) | −18.4(4.9) | −11.7(3.9) | P vs C | −0.43 | −0.16 | ||
| C | −11.5(5.1) | −9.4(5.1) | −10.5(4.0) | PP+PS vs C | −0.30 | −0.04 | ||
| Energy from Protein (kcal) | PP | −9.9(9.8) | −5.4(9.9) | −7.6(7.5) | 0.60 | PP vs PP+PS | −0.05 | −0.22 |
| PP+PS | 8.4(9.0) | −3.0(9.1) | 2.7(6.8) | P vs C | −0.01 | −0.05 | ||
| C | −6.0(9.4) | −4.9(9.4) | −5.4(7.1) | PP+PS vs C | −0.04 | −0.17 | ||
| Energy from Carbohydrate (kcal) | PP | −14.4(16.0) | −69.0(16.4) | −41.7(13.7) | 0.66 | PP vs PP+PS | −0.27 | −0.15 |
| PP+PS | −10.5(14.9) | −44.4(15.0) | −27.4(12.6) | P vs C | −0.38 | −0.22 | ||
| C | −8.8(16.0) | −31.7(16.0) | −20.2(13.4) | PP+PS vs C | −0.12 | −0.07 | ||
| SAPAC: Physical Activity Time (min) | PP | −19.1(7.5) | −40.3(7.7) | −29.7(5.9) | 5.27* | PP vs PP+PS | −0.22 | −0.22** |
| PP+PS | 5.9(7.2) | −14.6(7.3) | −4.3(5.6) | P vs C | −0.05 | −0.06 | ||
| C | −11.3(8.4) | −34.4(8.4) | −22.9(6.6) | PP+PS vs C | 0.19 | 0.19** | ||
| SAPAC: Sedentary Behavior (min) | PP | −12.8(9.1) | −25.9(9.6) | −19.3(7.8) | 3.88* | PP vs PP+PS | 0.12* | 0.16* |
| PP+PS | −47.5(9.0) | −48.0(9.5) | −47.7(7.7) | P vs C | 0.05 | 0.04 | ||
| C | −15.0(10.8) | −35.1(11.0) | −25.0(5.8) | PP+PS vs C | −0.08 | −0.14 | ||
Note: PP = Primary Prevention, PP+PS = Primary + Secondary Prevention; C = Control
Changes are adjusted means (SE).
F values are arm main effects. Reported F values are all non-significant (P < .05). Post-doc comparisons that were statistically significant are marked:
*
P < .05;
**
P < .02.
E.S.: Effect size is the standardized mean difference δT appropriate for cluster randomized designs (34).
Intra-class correlations ranged from 0.12 to 0.40 for food intake data; and were .01 for Physical Activity and .03 for Sedentary Behavior