Aerobic training |
Newman [27] |
Treadmill walking |
Gait parameters, Fatigue |
16 |
<7 |
Improvements in some gait parameters, fatigue unchanged |
Repeated measures design and blinded assessments |
|
Pilutti [32] |
Body-weight supported treadmill training (BWSTT) |
Functional ability, quality of life, Fatigue |
6 |
5,5-8 |
Improvements in some functional abilities and some parameters of quality of life, Fatigue non-significantly reduced |
Patients with progressive MS of high disability |
|
Rampello [42] |
Aerobic training program compared with neurological rehabilitation |
Walking parameters, maximal exercise tolerance, quality of life, fatigue |
19 |
< 6 |
Improvements of some walking parameters after aerobic training, Fatigue after aerobic training and neurological rehabilitation comparable |
Only 11 patients completed |
|
Schulz [44] |
Aerobic training |
Immune-endocrine parameters, neurotrophic factors, quality of life, coordinative function |
67 |
<5 |
Lactate levels lowered, quality of life increased and coordinative increased |
|
|
Van den Berg [47] |
Aerobic treadmill training |
Walking parameters, fatigue |
19 |
Walk 10 m in 60 s, using aid if necessary |
Improvements of some walking parameters after aerobic treadmill training, fatigue not significantly reduced |
Prospective, randomized controlled trial with blinded assessments, 16 patients completed |
|
Mostert [48] |
Aerobic training |
Aerobic fitness, fatigue, health perception, activity level |
26 |
<6.5 |
Improvement of health perception, activity level |
Randomized trial |
Resistance Training |
Dodd [28] |
Progressive resistance strengthening |
Physical, psychological, social factors |
8 |
no information |
Fatigue reduced significantly |
Semi-structured interviews |
|
Dalgas [31] |
Progressive resistance training |
Muscle strength, functional capacity |
38 |
3-5.5 |
Muscle strength and functional capacity increased |
Randomized controlled trial including follow-up |
|
Harvey [39] |
General physiotherapy exercises, strengthening training |
Muscle strength, functional activities |
19 |
Ambulant with or without the use of walking aids |
Muscle strength and functional activities improved |
|
|
White [30] |
Progressive resistance training |
Lower extremity strength, ambulatory function, fatigue, disability |
8 |
1-5 |
Lower extremity strength increased |
|
|
Taylor [40] |
Progressive resistance training |
Maximal muscle force, muscle endurance, functional activity, psychological function |
9 |
able to walk at least 200 m without aid or rest |
Improvements in muscle strength, muscle endurance, and functional activity |
Pre/post single group research design |
|
Gutierrez [49] |
Resistance training |
Kinematic gait parameters, isometric strength, stepping, fatigue, disability |
8 |
2.5-5.5 |
Increases in some kinematic gait parameters, fatigue decreased |
|
|
Broekmans [101] |
Resistance training |
Muscle strength, functional mobility |
36 |
2-6.5 |
Improvements in muscle strength and some functional parameters |
Randomized controlled trial, long-term investigation (20 weeks) |
Combined training |
Romberg [34] |
Strength, aerobic training |
Walking speed, lower extremity strength, upper extremity endurance, dexterity, static balance |
95 |
1-5.5 |
Walking speed improved |
6-month exercise program, randomized study, 91 patients completed |
|
Cakit [35] |
Cycling progressive resistance training, balance exercises |
Walking parameters, balance, fatigue, fear of falling, depression, quality of life |
45 |
of ≤ 6.0, ability to stand independently in upright position for >3 s |
Improvements in walking parameters, fatigue, fear of falling, depression |
Randomized (two exercise training and one control group), only 33 patients completed |
|
Smith [46] |
Strengthening, stretches, fitness exercises |
Function, fatigue, sensory symptoms |
34 |
0-6 |
> 40% temporary increased sensory symptoms (number or intensity) |
Single exercise session with follow up, all measures self-rated |
|
Surakka [50] |
Aerobic and strength exercise |
Motor fatigue |
95 |
1-5.5 |
Motor fatigue reduced in women (not in men) |
Randomized controlled trial |
Others |
Motl [17] |
Wearing an accelerometer |
Physical activity, quality of life, disability, fatigue, mood, pain, self-efficacy, social support |
292 |
no information |
Improvements in disability, fatigue, depression, pain, self-efficacy, social support |
No specific training-protocol, completed self- report measures |
|
Rasova [43] |
Neurophysiologically based physiotherapy, aerobic training, combined therapy |
Impairment, disability, handicap, quality of life, fatigue, depression, respiratory function, physical fitness |
112 |
0-6.5 |
Improvements in training groups with different impact on parameters, fatigue reduced |
Randomized (three exercise training and one control group), only 95 patients completed |
|
Wiles [51] |
Physiotherapy |
Mobility, mood |
42 |
4.0-5.5 |
Improvements in mobility, subjective wellbeing, and mood |
Randomized controlled crossover trial |