Figure 2.

Necrotic extract and TLR-ligands in complexes upregulate viral replication in U1 cells. U1 cell cultures were stimulated with necrotic extract (HMGB1 concentration 1 μg/mL) and Toll-like receptor ligands: LPS 10 ng/mL (a), CpG-ODN 1 μg/mL (b), flagellin 50 ng/mL (c), and IL-1β 0.25 ug/mL (d) alone or in complexes. Supernatants from mock cells served as controls. Supernatants were collected from cell cultures after 72 hours. Results from three independent experiments in duplicates are presented.